1A Course Introduction

Biology

study of living organisms

Physiology

subdivision of biology that is concerned with the functioning of the body

Physiology attempts to explain:

physical and chemical processes that occur in the body

Anatomy

subdivision of biology that is concerned with the form, structure or morphology of the body

The word anatomy is ______________ (Greek/Latin), with ana meaning _________ and tomy meaning _______________

Greek, apart, cut

The word Dissect is ______________ (Greek/Latin), with dis meaning _________ and sect meaning _______________

Latin, apart, cut

cytology

study of cells

greek meaning of cytology:

Kytos=

Logos=

Kytos= cell

Logos= knowledge

histology

study of tissues

greek meaning of histology:

histo=

Logos=

histo=tissue

Logos=knowledge

surface anatomy

study of surface structures

developmental anatomy (________________)

embryology; development of the body prior to birth

comparative anatomy

comparing human structures to that of other animals

radiology

use of radiation to visualize internal body structures

Anatomical Pathology

study of tissue that departs from the normal and thus is diseased

cell

smallest unit of living matter and the characteristic building block of all plant and animal tissues

tissue

collection of cells of similar structure that perform a common function

organ

consist of two or more tissues blended in such a way as to form a structure, which can perform one function or related functions

organ system

consist of one or more organ that act together in performing a major function of the body

body consist of ____ organ systems

12

Microanatomy

Structures are seen with the aid of a microscope

what structures require a microscope to be seen?

cells, tissues

gross anatomy

structure that can be seen with the naked eye

what structures don't require a microscope to be seen?

organ, organ systems, body

Back consists of

posterior aspect of thorax, abdomen and pelvis

trunk consists of

combination of thorax, abdomen, pelvis and back

upper limb consists of

pectoral region, arm, forearm and hand

lower limb consists of

gluteal region, thigh, leg and foot

Cardiovascular/

Circulatory System structures

heart, vessels

Cardiovascular/

Circulatory System

function

Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste molecules that are excreted from the body

lymphatic system structures

Lymphatic vessels

Supporting lymphocytes

Nodes

Lymphoid organs

lymphatic system function

Protects the body from disease by purifying fluid. Involves white blood cells that produce antibodies

respiratory system structures

Lungs

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

respiratory system function

Conducts air, brings oxygen into the lungs, and takes carbon dioxide out

digestive system structures

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Teeth

Tongue

Salivary glands

Liver

Gall bladder

Pancreas

digestive system function

Receives food and digests it into nutrient molecules, which enter the cells

Urinary System structures

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

urinary system functions

Rids body of nitrogenous wastes and helps regulate the fluid level and chemical content of the blood

Integumentary system structures

Skin

Hair

Nails

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

Subcutaneous tissue

Integumentary system function

Provides Support and protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, contains receptors

Skeletal system structures

Bones

Cartilage

Skeletal system function

Framework, movement of the body

Muscular system structures

Muscles

Muscular system

Movement of the body

Articular system structures

Joints

Articular system function

Movement of the body

Nervous system structures

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

Nervous system function

Conducts nerve impulses to muscles and glands and receives impulses

Endocrine system structures

Hormones

Endocrine glands

Endocrine system function

Secretes chemicals that serve as messengers between body parts, maintains proper functioning of reproductive organs

Reproductive system structures

Reproductive organs

Reproductive system function

Reproduction

anatomical position criteria

body longitudinal (erect)

upper limbs by side

eyes directed forward

palms directed forward

toes directed forward

median (midsagittal) plane

1 vertical plane passing through the body dividing it into equal right and left parts

sagittal plane

any vertical plane parallel to the median plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

frontal (coronal) plane

any vertical plane that divides the body into front and back parts

Horizontal (Transverse, Axial) Plane

any plane at a right angle to both the median and frontal planes that divides the body into upper and lower parts

medial

nearer to the median plane

lateral

farther away from the median plane

anterior (ventral)

nearer the front

posterior (dorsal)

nearer the back

superior (cephalic)

nearer the upper (head) end

inferior (caudal)

nearer the lower (tail) end

proximal

nearer the attached end off a limb

distal

farther away from the attached end of a limb

internal

nearer the center of an organ or cavity

external

farther away from the center of an organ or cavity

superficial

nearer the surface of the body

deep

farther away from the surface of the body

supine position

lying on back, belly upward

prone position

lying on front, back upward