PSYCH 239 Substance use and Gambling disorder (chp 14)

Substance use disorder

disorders characterized by inability to use a substance in moderation and/or the intentional use of a substance to change one's thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors, leading to impairment in work, academic, personal, or social endeavors

Gambling disorder

a disorder, similar to substance abuse, characterized by the inability to resist the impulse to gamble

Substance

naturally occuring or synthetically produced product that alters perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviours when ingested, smoked, or injected

Substance intoxication

experience of significantly maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system that develops during or shortly after use of the substance

Tolerance

condition of experiencing less and less effect from the same dose of substance

**tolerating = not getting side effects anymore**

Substance withdrawl

experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use

alchohol withdrawal:

1. anxiety, weakness, cramps...

2. day 2/3 convulsive seizures

3. delirium tremens, sleep disturbance, irregular heartbeat, death my occur hyperthermia

Depressants

drugs that slow the nervous system

Delirium tremens (DTs)

symptoms that result during severe alcohol withdrawal, including hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and disorientation

Alcohol use disorder

a promblematic pattern of alcohol use that creates significant impairment or distress that is manifested in a variety of behaviours such as consumming large amounts of alcohol, persistent desire and failed attempts to reduce the quatity of alcohol consumed, strong desire to use alcohol (craving), tolerance, and withdrawl

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

drugs that reduce anxiety and insomnia

vs.

drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia that work by supressing the central nervous system and decreasing the activoty level of certain neurons

- legally manufactured and sold

- overdose can be extremely dangerous

Stimulants

drugs that activate the nervous system

Cocaine

central nervous system stimulant that causes a rush of positive feelings initially but that can lead to impulsiveness, agitation, and anxiety and can cause withdrawal symptoms of exhaustion and depression

Amphetamines

stimulant drugs that can produce symptoms of euphoria, self-confidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia, perceptual illusions and, depression

Nicotine

alkaloid found in tabacco; operates on both the central and peripheral nervous system, resulting in the release of biochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endogenous opioids

Caffeine

chemical compound with stimulant effects

Opioids

substances, including morphine and heroin, that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state; in severe intoxication, can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and seizures; can cause withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress, severe nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and fever

Hallucinogens

substances, inclusing LSD and ecstasy, that produce perceptual illisions and distortions even in small doses

Phencyclidine (PCP)

substance that produces euphoria, slowed reaction times, and involuntary movements at low doses; disorganized thinking, feelings of unreality, and hostility at intermediate doses; and amnesia, analgesia, respiratory problems, and changes in body temperature at high doses

Cannabis

substance that causes feelings of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking

Inhalants

solvents, such as gasoline, glue, or paint thinner, that one inhales to produce a high and that can cause permanent central nervous system damage as well as liver and kidney disease

Anatgonist drugs

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug, reducing desire for the drug

Methadone

opiod that is less potent and longer-lasting than heroin; taken by heroin users to decrease their craving and help them cope with negative withdrawl symptoms

Motivational interviewing

intervention for sufferers of substance use disorders to elicit and solidify individuals' motivation and commitment to changing their substance use; rather than confronting the user, the motivational interviewer adopts an empathic interaction style, drawing out the user's own statements of desire, ability, reasons, need, and, ultimately, commitment to change

Abstinence violation effect

what happens when a person attempting to abstain from alcohol use ingests alcohol and then endures conflict and guilt by making an internal attribution to explain why they drank, thereby making them more likely to continue drinking in order to cope with the guilt

Relapse prevention program

treatments that seek to offset continued alcohol use by identifying high-risk situations for those attempting to stop or cut down on drinking and teaching them either to avoid those situations or to use assertiveness skills when in them, while viewing setbacks as temporary

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

an organization created by and for people with alcoholism involving a 12-step treatment program

Harm reduction model

approach to treating substance use disorders that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol (such as alcohol-related accidents) and on the payoffs of moderation (such as avoidance of hangovers)

Internet gambling disorder

persistent engagement and preoccupation with internet and video gaming, with symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal, loss of interest in other activities, and clinically significant impairment or distress

5/9 must be met:

- preoccupation

- withdrawl

- tolerance

- loss of control

- loss of interest

- continues used despite negative consequences

- escape

- deception

- jeopardizing relationships/oppertunities

Addiction and screen time

high screentime = high obesity, depressive symptoms

Biological factors

- genetic predisposition

- chronic use can lead to changes in the brain

- health conditions can lead to usuing substances as a form of self-medication

Psychological factors

- high comorbidity

- maladaptive coping strategies

- social learning

Social factors

- societal norms (normalized or stigmatized)

- environment one was raised in