ABA Exam Review

Flashcards based on lecture notes about ABA, ethics, behavior principles, animal behavior, and organizational behavior management.

What are the three branches of behavior analysis?

Behaviorism (philosophy), Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB), and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA).

What is ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis)?

Focuses on solving problems of social importance using the principles and procedures of behavior analysis.

According to ABA, what should be the object of study?

Behavior (datum), NOT the self or the mind

What is the key focus of ABA in terms of behavior?

Prediction and control of individual behavior

How does ABA explain the causes of behavior?

Environmental explanations of behavior (causes outside)

What is behavior according to the notes?

Anything an organism does when interacting with the physical environment.

What is mentalism?

The mind (internal structure)

How do behaviorists view internal causes as explanations for behavior?

Behaviorists move away from internal causes as explanations.

What are topographical features of behavior?

How behavior looks like

What is meant by functional features of behavior?

What's the function? Why is the behavior happening?

What does ABC stand for in operant behavior?

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

What is the behaviorists view of the mind as the cause of behavior?

Behaviorists do not consider the mind as the cause of behavior and move away from internal causes.

What are the two categories of variables influencing behavior?

Phylogenetic (genetic traits) and Ontogenetic (developmental traits learnt as the person grows up).

What is natural selection?

Process by which the traits most likely to aid in survival are passed onto offspring

What is the focus when studying the behavior of individuals in ABA?

The focus is on the study of the individual; behavior because of environmental manipulations.

What is the difference between structural and functional classification of behavior?

Structural (Topographical) is descriptive, not explanative (e.g., a diagnosis). Functional explains behavior (e.g., avoidance of demands).

What is consent?

The affirmation that an individual, who is legally authorized, gives permission for themselves or another individual to participate in a procedure after receiving adequate information.

What is assent?

The affirmation that an individual who is not legally authorized to consent for themselves; experiencing assessment or intervention.

When should assent be continuously obtained?

Before you start, continuously, and when to stop.

What should you do if assent is revoked?

Pause, go back to the drawing board, try again.

When is not honoring the withdrawal of assent ever important in autism services?

When the individual is in danger or for the safety of others.

What are Behavior Analysts expected to do in terms of supervision?

Comply with supervision guidelines.

What is Cultural Responsiveness?

A group of behaviors, covert (private) and overt (public). Covert includes acknowledgement, commitments, acceptance, values etc. Overt involves asking open-ended questions to learn more.

What are some examples of trauma that is addressed in TIC (Trauma Informed Care)?

Emotional abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, physical assault, school violence, and others.

List some key components of Trauma Informed Care

Acknowledge trauma and its effects, ensure safety and trust, collaborate with clients and stakeholders, promote opportunities for choice, foster autonomy and self-advocacy, obtain assent and informed consent.

What are the characteristics of an adequate behavorial definitions for observation and measurement systems?

Objectiveness, Clarity, and Completeness

What is observer bias?

A second observer may affect the reliability and accuracy of data.

What is Reactivity in regards to observation?

A change in the target behavior due to the presence of the observer.

What is Observer Drift?

The definition of behavior is no longer controlling the recording behavior due to fatigue, boredom, illness

What does Inter-observer agreement mean when observing behaviors?

Two observers score the same behavior independently, and agreement between the two records is assessed.

What is single subject research practice?

Use only one or a few subjects to conduct the experiment. Focus is on the individual. Repeated alternations between baseline and treatment.

What are the four contingencies?

Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, Negative Punishment

What does positive reinforcement do to behavior?

Increases behavior by adding a stimulus.

What does positive punishment do to behavior?

Decreases behavior by presenting a stimulus

What does negative reinforcement do to behavior?

Increases behavior by removing a stimulus

What does negative punishment do to behavior?

Decreases behavior by removing a stimulus

What are the conditions of a Standard Functional Analysis (SFA)?

Manipulating antecedents and consequences to determine if these conditions evoke more or less problem behavior (Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Automatic Reinforcement).

Define Principle of Behavior.

Scientifically derived rule of nature that describes the enduring and predictable relation between a biological organism's responses and given arrangements of stimuli.

What is learning, from a Behavior analytic Procedures point of view?

Changing response patterns, as a function of environmental changes; learning = behavior change.

What are unconditioned respondent behaviors (UR)?

Reliably elicited by stimuli that produce them despite any prior learning; Reflex (UR), meaning it does not depend on learning.

How can fears be acquired?

Through classical conditioning; environmental stimuli can become threatening when they are associated with and predictive of aversive stimuli.

What is Delay Discounting?

Decline in the value of temporally remote outcomes.

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

Specifies the conditions to deliver a reinforcer.

List all four types of intermittent schedules

Fixed ratio (FR), Variable ratio (VR), Fixed-interval (FI), Variable-interval (VI)

What is Applied Animal Behavior?

The study of animal behavior in real-world settings to advance the welfare of animals and humans.

What are the steps for systematic application of ABA into dog training?

Define behavior, write a training plan, create a data sheet, and graph progress.

What is OBM (Organizational Behavior Management)?

The application of behavioral principles to individuals and groups in business, industry, government, and human service settings.

What are some problem behaviors in OBM?

Lack of knowledge and skills; Occupational injuries; Productivity improvement; Quality deficits.

In OBM, what is focused on in the ABC Model?

Isolation, analysis, and modification of environmental variables that mostly directly affect performance.

What research designs are used to evaluate OBM interventions?

Single-subject designs

What does topography refer to?

How a behavior looks like.

What are the core principles of ABA?

Benefit others, Compassion, Dignity and respect, Behave with integrity, Ensure competence.

What are the key elements of the measurement system in ABA?

Accuracy, reliability, validity.

What is the definition of Latency?

Amount of time that elapses between the onset of a specific cue or stimulus and the behavior of interest.