8th U.S. History Fall Final

House of Burgesses

In 1619, delegates from Virginia districts met in Jamestown to help the governor make laws.

Sir Francis Drake

The first Englishman to sail around the world in 1577 and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth.

Captain John Smith

Saved the Jamestown colony by enforcing the rule "Anyone who would not work, would not eat."

William Bradford

The second governor of Plymouth Colony who served for over 30 years.

The History of Plymouth Plantation

The book written by William Bradford.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in the New World.

Indentured servant

A person who worked for several years without pay in exchange for passage to the New World and later freedom.

Joint-stock company

The forerunner to the modern corporation.

Common store system

Jamestown's biggest problem because few colonists contributed to food production.

John Rolfe

Virginia settler who married Pocahontas and introduced tobacco farming.

Separatists

Group that wanted to completely withdraw from the Church of England.

Squanto

The English-speaking Native American who taught the Pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and farm.

Mayflower Compact

Document signed by 41 men establishing self-government in Plymouth.

Congregational Church

The church founded by the Pilgrims and Puritans.

Henry Hudson

Explorer who claimed present-day New York for Holland.

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company.

John Winthrop

The Puritan leader who said Boston should be "a city on a hill."

Town school system

The Ole' Deluder Satan Act led to the creation of this.

Harvard College

The first institution of higher learning in America, founded to train ministers.

Georgia

The last of the original 13 colonies, founded by James Oglethorpe.

Peter Minuit

The man who purchased Manhattan Island for $24 worth of goods.

Quakers

Members of the Society of Friends.

John Eliot

The "Apostle to the Indians."

William Penn

A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers.

Bible

The main reason Puritans wanted their children to read.

Sir Edward Andros

Royal governor of the Dominion of New England.

Toleration Act

Maryland law granting freedom of worship to Christians.

Puritan work ethic

The belief that work is noble and a way to serve God.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Considered the first written constitution in America.

William and Mary

Rulers who came to power after the Glorious Revolution.

Thomas Mayhew

Missionary who worked with Native Americans on Martha's Vineyard.

The Wesleys

Credited with bringing about the Methodist Revival.

David Brainerd

The best-known missionary to Native Americans.

George Whitefield

The individual who had the greatest impact on America during the Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Preached the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

George Washington

A member of the Virginia Rangers militia.

William Pitt the Elder

Believed the colonies should have direct representation in Parliament.

Phillis Wheatley

The first Black woman poet in America.

Seven Years' War

The conflict between France and England as it was known in Europe.

French and Indian War

The war between France and England as it was known in America.

Declaratory Act

Stated that Parliament had the right to pass laws binding the colonies.

Jonathan Edwards

Remembered as one of the greatest intellects in American history.

George Whitefield

A preacher whose booming voice allowed him to reach crowds of up to 20,000 people.

Edward Braddock

British general sent to command troops during the French and Indian War.

Quartering Act

Law requiring colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers.

Half-Way Covenant

A form of partial church membership created by New England Puritans.

Minutemen

Colonial militia members ready to defend their homes at a moment's notice.

Philadelphia

The city where the First Continental Congress convened.

George Washington

Appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.

Patrick Henry

The patriot who said, "Give me liberty, or give me death."

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet criticizing monarchy and British abuses.

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to protest taxes.

Hessians

Professional soldiers hired by the British during the Revolutionary War.

The shot heard 'round the world

Name given to the first shot fired in the War for Independence.

Boston Massacre

Event that began with snowballs and ended with colonists shot by British soldiers.

Quartering Act

Law that made it legal to house British soldiers in colonial homes.

John Hancock

Elected President of the Second Continental Congress.

Thomas Jefferson

Leader of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence

Document that begins with "We hold these truths to be self-evident..."

Committee of Correspondence

Group organized by Samuel Adams to communicate colonial resistance.

John Paul Jones

The most famous naval hero of the American War for Independence.

Benedict Arnold

American general who betrayed the colonies and sold secrets to the British.

Francis Marion

Patriot known as the "Swamp Fox" who fought the British in the South.

Ethan Allen

Leader of the Green Mountain Boys who helped capture Fort Ticonderoga.

Olive Branch Petition

Document sent to King George III seeking peace and pledging loyalty.

Senate

Each state has equal representation.

Legislative branch

The branch of government that makes the laws.

Executive branch

The branch of government that enforces the laws.

Judicial branch

The branch of government that interprets the laws according to the Constitution.

House of Representatives

In this body, the number of representatives for each state is based on population.

Federalist

Those who approved of the Constitution.

George Washington

Remembered as the first President of the United States.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

Capital

What was the new city where the nation's capital would be built.

John Adams

The second President of the United States.

Britain

Many American seamen were impressed (forced) by?

Bicameral

A two-house legislative system.

Executive, Judicial and Legislative

The three branches of the national government.

Anti-Federalist

Warned that the new Constitution didn't guarantee basic liberties and were against it.

James Madison

Known as the "Father of the Constitution."

Judicial branch

The Supreme Court belongs to this branch of government.

Tariff

A fee on imports.

Federalist Papers

A series of articles supporting the Constitution that persuaded many people to support it.

Amendments

Additions to the Constitution.

Inauguration

The formal ceremony in which the President is officially placed in office.

Patent

Established to promote invention and protect private property.

French

The XYZ Affair involved three unofficial members of this government demanding a bribe to start treaty negotiations.

Aliens

People who are not yet citizens in the country they live in.

President's cabinet

Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and Attorney General make up this group.

Articles of Confederation

The Constitution convention was called because of weaknesses in this document.

Benjamin Franklin

Recommended that the Constitution convention began each morning with prayer.

Federal Republic

The Constitution of the U.S.A. set up this type of government.

Thomas Jefferson

The first Secretary of State.

Boonesborough

The fort at the end of the Wilderness Road.

Meriwether Lewis

Who was Jefferson's secretary told to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana

In 1803, Jefferson purchased New Orleans and this territory, doubling the size of the U.S.

John Quincy Adams

Andrew Jackson claimed Henry Clay and who had a "corrupt bargain" for the Presidency?

Sacagawea

The Indian girl meaning "Bird Woman" who helped Lewis and Clark.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote the U.S. National Anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."

Monroe Doctrine

Prohibited future European colonization in the New World while keeping the U.S. neutral in European affairs.