What type of dominance is it if an organism has two different alleles and the dominant allele will completely cover up the recessive allele?
Complete dominance
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What type of dominance is it if an organism has two different alleles and the dominant allele does not fully cover up a recessive allele and the trait will be a result of the two blending or mixing together.
Incomplete dominance
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What type of dominance is it if an organism has two different alleles and both alleles are expressed at the same time (neither one is recessive).
Codominance
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What is the phenotype of the F1 generation if a purebred red plant and purebred white plant cross and it is complete dominance?
Red
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What is the phenotype of the F1 generation if a purebred red plant and purebred white plant cross and it is incomplete dominance?
Pink
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What is the phenotype of the F1 generation if a purebred red plant and purebred white plant cross and it is codominance?
Red & Pink together (spots or stripes)
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One gene that has more than two alleles for the trait.
Multiple alleles
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What is an example of multiple alleles discussed in this unit?
Blood typing
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How many alleles are there for blood type and what are they?
3 - IA, IB, and i
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What are the genotypes for a person with type A blood?
IAIA or IAi
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What are the genotypes for a person with type B blood?
IBIB or IBi
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What is the genotype for a person with type AB blood?
IAIB
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What is the genotype for a person with type O blood?
ii
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What blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
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What blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB
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Traits thare are controlled by more than one gene.
Polygenic traits
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What are some examples of polygenic traits?
Skin, hair, eye color, height and weight
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Traits that are located on the X chromosome and occur most often in males.
Sex-linked traits
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Why are males more likely to get a sex-linked trait?
Because there is nothing on their Y chromosome to cover up (or mask) what is on the X.
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What is the genotype for a sex-linked trait, normal female?
XNXN
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What is the genotype for a sex-linked trait, carrier female?
XNXn
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What is the genotype for a sex-linked trait, female with a recessive disorder?
XnXn
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What is the genotype for a sex-linked trait, normal male?
XNY
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What is the genotype for a sex-linked trait, male with a recessive disorder?
XnY
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Can a male be a carrier for a sex-linked trait?
No, a male either has the trait (XnY) or is normal (XNY)
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Why is it more difficult for a female to inherit a sex-linked trait?
Because a female needs to inherit two recessive alleles (males only need one allele to show the trait)
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Family tree. Chart that studies the patterns of inheritance in a family.
Pedigree
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What does a square represent in a pedigree?
Male
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What does a circle represent in a pedigree?
Female
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What does a shaded circle or square symbolize in a pedigree?
Person with the disorder
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What does a half-shaded circle or square symbolize in a pedigree?
Carrier
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conditions linked to chromosome pairs 1-22; occur equally in males and females
Autosomal disorder
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On a pedigree, if about the same number of males and females are shaded in, then is the disease autosomal or sex-linked?
Autosomal
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On a pedigree, if mostly males are shaded in, then is the disease autosomal or sex-linked?
Sex-linked
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When examining a pedgree two parents are completely normal and one of their children has a disease (IT SKIPS GENERATIONS). Is this an example of a dominant or recessive disorder?
Recessive (the child inherited a recessive allele from each parent).
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When analyzing a pedigree you see that in every generation at least one of the parents has the disease and some of the children have the disease (IT IS PRESENT IN EVERY GENERATION). Is this an example of a dominant or recessive disorder?
Dominant disorder
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An autosomal dominant disorder where there is gradual deterioration of brain tissue in middle age; shortened life expectancy.
Huntington's disease
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An autosomal recessive disorder where mucus clogs the lungs and digestive tract; victims have a much shorter life expectancy.
Cystic fibrosis
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An autosomal recessive disorder that causes impaired blood circulation due to deformed, crescent-shaped red blood cells.
Sickle cell anemia
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An autosomal recessive disorder where there is deterioration of central nervous system which begins in infancy; death occurs in early childhood.
Tay-Sach's
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An autosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability of the body to break down the amino acid phenylalanine which builds up in the brain and causes mental retardation; can be prevented by avoid phenylalanine in the diet
PKU
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A sex-linked recessive disorder in which the blood does not clot.
Hemophilia
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A sex-linked recessive disorder where individuals cannot distinguish between certain colors (usually red and green).
Colorblindness
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A sex-linked recessive disorder that causes wasting away of muscles and shortened life expectancy.
Muscular dystrophy
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What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring between a person who is heterozygous for Type A blood and a person heterozygous for Type B blood?
IAi (Type A), IBi (Type B), IAIB (Type AB, and ii (Type O)
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Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. Cross a heterozygous female with a male that has color blindness. What is the probability that they will have a child who is colorblind?
50%
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Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. Cross a heterozygous female with a male that has color blindness. What is the probability that they will have a daughter who is colorblind?
50%
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What are 3 sex-linked disorders we discussed in class?
Hemophilia, colorblindness and muscular dystrophy
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What is the only autosomal dominant disorder we discussed in class?
Huntington's disease
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What are 4 autosomal recessive disorders we discussed in class?
PKU, Tay-Sachs, Sickle Cell anemia and Cystic Fibrosis
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term used to describe individuals who are heterozygous for a recessive disorder; they do not have the disease, but could pass it on to their children
carrier
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Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen