pharynx and oesophagus

what does the pharynx connect?

the oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx and oesophagus

what vertebral level marks the bottom of the pharynx?

C6

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

- nasopharynx

- oropharynx

- laryngopharynx

what tonsils are found in the nasopharynx?

adenoid/pharyngeal tonsil

tubular tonsils (pair)

what tonsils are found in the oropharynx? (2)

- lingual tonsil

- palatine tonsils (pair)

what makes up waldeyers ring? (4)

- adenoid tonsil

- pair of tubular tonsils

- pair of palatine tonsils

- lingual tonsil

what arteries supply the pharynx?

- external carotid artery

via branches of the facial, lingual and maxillary arteries

what vein drains the pharynx?

internal jugular vein

where does the oesophagus extend from and to?

from the laryngopharynx (C6) to the cardiac orifice (T11)

where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

the oesophageal hiatus - an opening in the diaphragm

what vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus?

T10

what are the 2 sphincters of the oesophagus?

- upper oesophageal sphincter

- lower oesophageal sphincter

where is the UOS located?

the junction between the pharynx and the oesophagus

why is the LOS called a physiological sphincter?

it does not have a specific sphincteric muscle

where is the LOS?

at the gastro-oesophageal junction

what muscle makes up the UOS?

cricopharyngeus muscle

what muscle types are in the 3 part of the oesophagus?

upper - striaited

middle - mixed

lower - smooth

what are the two main groups of pharyngeal muscles?

circular + longitudinal

what are the 3 circular pharyngeal muscles?

- superior pharyngeal constrictor

- middle pharyngeal constrictor

- inferior pharyngeal constrictor

what do the circular pharyngeal muscles do?

constrict the lumen of the pharynx and propel the bolus inferiorly

what are the circular pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

vagus nerve - X

where is the superior pharyngeal constrictor located?

in the oropharynx

where is the middle pharyngeal constrictor located?

in the laryngopharynx

where is the lower pharyngeal constrictor located?

in the laryngopharynx

what are the two components of the pharyngeal constrictors?

- thyropharyngeus

- cricopharyngeus

what does the thyropharyngeus connect to?

obliquely to the thyroid cartilage

what does the cricopharyngeus connect to?

horizontally to the cricoid cartilage

what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

- stylopharyngeus

- palatopharyngeus

- salpingopharyngeus

what do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do?

- shorten and widen the pharynx

- elevate larynx during swallowing

where is the stylopharyngeus?

runs from styloid process of temporal bone to the pharynx

what is the stylopharyngeus innervated by?

glossopharyngeal nerve - IX

where is the palatopharyngeus?

from hard palate into pharynx

where is the salpingopharyngeus?

from eustachian tube into pharynx

what is the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharygeus innervated by?

vagus nerve - X

what arteries supply the oesophagus? (3)

upper - inferior thyroid arteries

middle - thoracic aorta

lower - left gastric

what veins drain the oesophagus? (3)

upper - inferior thyroid vein

middle - azygous branches

lower - left gasrtic

what is the oesophagus innervated by?

oesophageal plexus

what are the 4 layers of the oesophagus?

- mucosa

- submucosa

- muscularis

- adventitia

what are the layers of the muscosa?

- stratified squamous epithelium

- lamina propria

- muscularis mucosae

what are the contents of the muscularis layer? (3)

inner layer of circular muscle

outer layer of longitudinal muscle

myenteric plexus

what is the myenteric plexus called?

auerbachs

what is the submucosal plexus called?

meissner

what are the contents of the submucosa? (2)

areolar connective tissue

submucosal plexus

what classifies whether the organs have a serosa or adventitia?

intraperitoneal - serosa

retroperitoneal - adventitia