Honors Biology Unit 12 Study

What are some facts about biodiversity?

• There are 13 billion species currently known.

• This is only 5% of all of the species.

• New organisms are still being found.

Why did everyone do Latin for a scientific name?

Everyone knew and spoke Latin.

What is systematics?

It is the process of naming and grouping organisms.

What is classification(taxonomy)?

It is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on similarities.

What is the binomial nomenclature?

It is the name given for each species.

What does the first and second word for the binomial nomenclature represent?

The first word is based on genus, while the second is based on species.

What occurs in a pyramid from domain to species?

When it gets closer to domain, then the requirement for sorting species gets more vague.

What is the pyramid from domain to species?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What is the acronym for the pyramid from domain to species?

Dumb King Phillip Called Out Fifty Good Soldiers

What is Linnean Classification?

It is made by Linnaeus, and it classifies based on similarities and differences.

What is Modern Classification?

It is phylogeny, and it classifies based on evolutionary descent.

What is a cladogram?

It is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships(phylogeny).

What is a clade?

It is a group of organisms with similar characteristics.

What are derived characteristics?

It is a trait that came from the most recent similar organism.

How many domains are there and what makes it unique?

There are 3 domains(eukaryota, bacteria, archaea) and it is the most broad group.

What is domain bacteria?

It is an unicellular and prokaryotic organism, has a cell wall with peptidoglycan for protection, ranges from unharmful(lives in soil) to parasites, some do photosynthesis, they either need or hate oxygen.

What is domain archaea?

It is an unicellular and prokaryotic organism, has a cell wall without peptidoglycan, and usually lives in places with extreme temperature.

What is domain eukaryota?

All of the organisms are eukaryotic and has 4 kingdoms.

What are the 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms?

Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae.

What is kingdom protista?

They are eukaryotic that are not fungi/plants/animals, most are unicellular, the largest is brown algae, used to be characterized in 3 ways(plant-like, animal-like, or fungi-like), now characterized into 6 clades(Excavata, Chromalveolata, Cercozoa, Rhodophyta, Amoebozoa, Choanozoa).

What is kingdom fungi?

They are heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin(polymer made of modified sugars that gives fungi a hard structure and shape of cells related to plants), reproduce asexually through releasing spores, "eats" food by decomposing them which allows them to maintain homeostasis, and parasitic ones can cause serious diseases.

What is kingdom plantae?

Organisms that are eukaryotic, containing cell walls with cellulose, and uses chlorophyl for photosynthesis.

What is kingdom animalia?

They are multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms, with cells that don't have cell walls, maintain homeostasis(through gathering information, oxygen and nutrients, and carbon dioxide and waste), more than 95% of animals are invertebrate(no backbone), less than 5% are chordates(with spinal cord) and vertebrates(have backbone).

What is a virus?

A nonliving particle made out of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids.

Why do viruses not belong in any domain?

They can only reproduce, nothing else.

What are the two types of viral infections?

Lytic and lysogenic.

What is lytic infection?

It is when a virus enters a bacterial cell, copies itself, and implodes the cell. It is caused by bacteriophage(kind of virus that affects bacteria).

What is lysogenic infection?

It is when the host cell does not get taken over immediately, but the viral nucleic acid gets inserted into the host's DNA. It is caused by prophage(bacteriophage DNA that is embedded in the bacteria's DNA).

What are vaccines?

They are used to teach the immune system to identify a specific bacteria by inserting an unusable virus into a patient.

How are cold and flu viruses often transmitted?

They are transmitted through hand to mouth contact.

What are pathogens?

They are disease-causing agents. Almost all prokaryotes are bacteria.

What are used to prevent bacterial diseases?

Vaccines.

What are antibiotics?

They are drugs that stop the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens.

What are decomposers?

They are prokaryotes that supply raw materials for the environment by breaking down dead organisms.

What is a microbiome?

They are bacteria that live in the body that helps humans with digesting food and making vitamins.

What are producers?

They are photosynthetic prokaryotes that make up the bottom of many food chains by producing food and biomass.

What are nitrogen fixers?

They are prokaryotes who make nitrogen usable, and prokaryotes are the only ones who can do this.

What are some human uses for prokaryotes?

Humans can use some bacteria for food, remove waste from the water, and make drugs and chemicals for medical use.

What is a cilia/flagella?

They are tail-shaped organisms that allow prokaryotes to move.

What are the other ways protists can move?

They can move through water or air currents, or change shape and use fake feet.

How do protists reproduce?

They produce in multiple ways(asexual and sexual).

What are some uses for protists?

Protists can be autotrophs which removes CO2, makes O2, and at the bottom of the food chain; they can have mutual relationships with the host.

What is the main thing that makes some protists dangerous.

Some of them are responsible for diseases occuring.

What are some characteristics of the animalia kingdom?

They are multicellular, and are ingestive heterotrophs.

What are the 5 main processes required for animals to survive?

Maintain homeostasis(keep the bodies at a certain temperature to stay alive), gather and respond to information(animals have a nervous system that respond to stimuli, obtain and distribute oxygen and nutrients(animals have a circulatory system to transport nutrients to parts of the body that need it), collect and eliminate waste(animals use different body systems to get rid of waste in the body), reproducing(most animals reproduce sexually to create genetic diversity).

What are invertebrates?

They are animals that make up over 95% of the total species that do not have a backbone or vertebral column.

What are vertebrates?

They are animals that make up less than 5% of the total species that has a backbone or vertebral column.

How many classes are there for vertebrates?

There are 7 classes.

What are amphibians?

They are vertebrates that live in the water when young, and live on the land as adults. They have lungs and reproduce in the water.(ex. frogs)

What are birds?

They are vertebrates that have feathers, light bones, legs covered with scales, and front limb wings.(ex. eagle)

What are reptiles?

They are vertebrates that have dry, scaly skin, strong limbs, cold-blooded, and can lay eggs.(ex. iguana)

What are mammals?

They are vertebrates that have special glands used to feed the young.(ex. dogs)

What are bony fish?

They are vertebrates(fish) that have strong skeletons.(ex. tuna)

What are cartilaginous fish?

They are vertebrates(fish) that have skeletons made for mobility in the water.(sharks)

What are jawless fish?

They are vertebrates(fish) that do not have a jaw.(ex. hagfish)

What are primates?

They are intelligent and social creatures exhibiting complex behaviors. Mammals with relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws, strong clavicles, binocular vision, and a well developed cerebrum.(ex. Humans, apes, monkeys; order)

What are hominin?

Primates that have opposable thumbs and large brains.(ex. chimpanzees, gorillas, humans; family)

What are homo?

Group of hominins that resemble modern humans from ancient times till now. Distinctions due to adaptations over time. Genus.

What is the Human Levels of Organization?

cells→tissues→organs→organ systems→ organism

What are the 4 types of cell tissues?

Epithelial, nervous, muscular, connective.

What is an epithelial tissue?

It creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules. (ex. skin, intestines, other organs)

What is a nervous tissue?

It transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems.(ex. Brain, spinal cord, nerves)

What is a muscular tissue?

It contracts to initiate movement in the body.(ex. skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

What is a connective tissue?

It underlies and supports other tissue types.(ex. tendons, cartilage)

What is the digestive system's function?

It converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.

What is the excretory system's function?

It is the system responsible for eliminating metabolic waste.

What is the circulatory system's function?

It transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substance throughout the body and removes wastes from tissues.

What is the lymphatic system's function?

It is a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects the lymph(blood cells and plasma) that escapes the capillaries and returns it to the circulatory system.

What is the respiratory system's function?

It picks up oxygen from the air as we inhale and releases carbon dioxides as we exhale.

What is the nervous system's function?

It collects information about the internal and external environment, processes that information, and responds to it.

What is the skeletal system's function?

It supports the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation.

What is the muscular system's function?

It produces movement by shortening or contracting muscles.

What is the integumentary system's function?

It serves as a barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temp, removes wastes, gathers sensory info, and produces vitamin D.

What is the endocrine system's function?

It releases hormones that travel through the blood and control the cells, tissues, and organs.

What is the reproductive system's function?

The male produces and delivers sperm cells, while the females produce estrogen, egg cells, and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo.

What is the kingdom plantae?

It is multicellular, autotrophic, and has cell walls with cellulose.

What do plants need to survive?

They need energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

What does xylem do?

It brings water up from the root, which helps the stem's woody structure to form.

What does phloem do?

It carries sugars/food downward from leaves.

What are the 4 features that are used to divide plants into 5 groups?

Embryo formation(they develop in the plant protected from harsh land elements), specialized water-conducting tissues(they can draw water to greater heights than simple diffusion), seeds(provides food for developing embryo and prevent it from drying), and flowers(gives plants reproduction and fruits for around the seeds).

What are the characteristics of mosses?

They have waxy coating and rhizoids to absorb water and nutrients, they belong to the bryophytes phylum, they have no vascular tissue, and no roots.

What are the characteristics of ferns?

They do not produce seeds, survive with little light, like wet environments, reproduces through releasing spores into the environment.

What is a seed?

It is a plant embryo and its food supply covered by protective covering.

What are gymnosperms?

They bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones.

What are angiosperms?

They bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

What is pollen?

It is the male gametophyte of a seed plant, and it gets carried to the female reproductive structure of plants through pollination.

What are stamen?

They are male parts, anther produces pollen.

What is pistil/carpel?

They are female parts.

What does the structures in seed cones do?

They help female gametophytes develop.

What is fruit?

It is the structure that surrounds and protects the seeds.