Year 10 Chemistry Test Revision: Atomic Structure & Reactions

Element

A pure substance made of one type of atom.

Compound

A substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Noble Gases

Inert gases that do not readily form compounds.

Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate

Chemical formula: Ca(HCO3)2.

Nitric Acid

Chemical formula: HNO3.

Copper (II) Carbonate

Chemical formula: CuCO3.

Phosphoric Acid

Chemical formula: H3PO4.

Hydrochloric Acid

Chemical formula: HCl.

Potassium Chloride

Chemical formula: KCl.

Nitrogen Gas

Chemical formula: N2.

Iron (III) Sulfide

Chemical formula: Fe2S3.

Ammonium Carbonate

Chemical formula: (NH4)2CO3.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.

Electron Configuration

Distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Ionic Bonding

Electrons transferred between atoms, forming charged ions.

Covalent Bonding

Electrons shared between atoms to form molecules.

Balanced Equation

Chemical equation with equal numbers of each atom type.

Physical Property

Characteristic observed without changing substance's identity.

Chemical Property

Characteristic observed during a substance's chemical change.

Protons

Positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus.

Neutrons

Neutral particles in an atom's nucleus.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles orbiting an atom's nucleus.

Copper Roof Change

Copper oxidizes, turning green from exposure.

Iron Heating

Iron glows red when heated by fire.

Magnesium Atom Configuration

Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s².

Magnesium Ion Configuration

Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.

Phosphorus-31 Configuration

Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³.

Phosphorus Ion Configuration

Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶.

Magnesium Phosphide Formula

Formula: Mg₃P₂ based on ion charges.

Oxygen Isotopes Similarity

Both isotopes have the same number of protons.

Oxygen Isotope Difference 1

Different neutron counts: 16O has 8, 17O has 9.

Oxygen Isotope Difference 2

Different mass numbers: 16 vs 17.

KClO3 Reaction

Balanced equation: 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2.

H3BO3 Reaction

Balanced equation: 4 H3BO3 → H4B6O11 + 6 H2O.

Non-Reactive Metals

Gold, copper, and lead resist reactions with acids.

Electron Attraction in Non-Reactive Metals

Strong attraction to electrons prevents reactions.

Acid Metal Reaction

General reaction: Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen.

Group I Metal Reaction

General reaction: Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen.

Active Metal Air Reaction

General reaction: Active Metal + Air → Oxide.

H2SO4 and Zinc Reaction

H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2.

Calcium and Water Reaction

Ca + 2 H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2.

Potassium Oxide Reaction

4 K + O2 → 2 K2O.

Lead and Sulfuric Acid Reaction

Balanced equation: Pb + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + H2.

Barium and Water Reaction

Balanced equation: Ba + 2 H2O → Ba(OH)2 + H2.

Chemical Change Example

Gas burning in a Bunsen burner is a chemical change.

Gallium Ion Composition

71Ga3+ has 33 protons, 38 neutrons, 30 electrons.

Electron Configuration of Neon

F-, Ca2+, Na+, O2- have same configuration as neon.

Chlorine atom

A reactive element with atomic number 17.

Nitride ion

Negatively charged nitrogen ion, N^3-.

Helium atom

Noble gas with atomic number 2.

Iron for bridges

Strong and durable, ideal for structural support.

Aluminium for aeroplanes

Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, enhances fuel efficiency.

Silver for jewellery

Lustrous and malleable, ideal for decorative items.

Methane

Simple hydrocarbon, CH4, used as fuel.

KHCO3

Potassium bicarbonate, used in baking and medicine.

Cu(CH3COO)2

Copper(II) acetate, used in organic synthesis.

Aluminium Nitride

Compound with high thermal conductivity, used in electronics.

Reactivity series

Ranking of metals based on their reactivity.

Noble gas configuration

Stable electron arrangement similar to noble gases.

Reduction of zinc

Zinc ion gains electrons to form zinc metal.

Calcium phosphate formula

Ca3(PO4)2, used in fertilizers and supplements.

Compounds

Substances formed from two or more elements.

Chemical reactions

Processes where substances transform into new substances.

Metal ion A

Ion with 19 protons, likely potassium ion.

Test tube reaction

Experiment observing metal reactions with solutions.

Chemical equation

Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

Atoms rearrangement

Atoms reorganize during chemical reactions to form products.

Noble Gas

Elements with full valence electron shells.

Atomic Mass Number

Total number of protons and neutrons.

Chemical Properties of Metals

Reactivity, conductivity, malleability, ductility, and luster.

Physical Properties of Metals

Shiny, solid at room temperature, dense, malleable, ductile.

Ionic Compound

Formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Balanced Chemical Equation

An equation with equal numbers of each atom type.

Mass Number

Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Cation

Positively charged ion formed by losing electrons.

Anion

Negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

Molecular Formula

Shows the number and type of atoms in a molecule.

Chemical Reaction

Process where substances transform into new substances.

Electrolysis

Chemical decomposition caused by passing an electric current.

Synthesis Reaction

Two or more substances combine to form one product.

Decomposition Reaction

A single compound breaks down into two or more products.

Single Replacement Reaction

One element replaces another in a compound.

Double Replacement Reaction

Exchange of ions between two compounds.

Calcium oxide

A chemical compound with the formula CaO.

Sodium sulfide

An inorganic compound with the formula Na2S.

Iron (II) hydroxide

A compound with the formula Fe(OH)2.

Nickel phosphate

A chemical compound with the formula Ni3(PO4)2.

Physical change

A change affecting form, not chemical composition.

Chemical change

A process that alters substance's chemical structure.

Sulfuric acid

A strong acid with the formula H2SO4.

Ethanoic acid

Also known as acetic acid, formula CH3COOH.

Metal hydrogen carbonates

Compounds that release carbon dioxide when reacting with acids.

Magnesium hydrogen carbonate

A compound that reacts with sulfuric acid.

Alums

Double salts with the formula X2(SO4)3.Y2SO4.

Monatomic ion

An ion consisting of a single atom.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of chemical elements.

Proton

A positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus.

Neutron

A neutral particle in an atom's nucleus.