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Central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Perhipheral nervous system
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary control of the skeletal muscles.
Efferent neurons (motor)
Carries messages from the CNS and delivers them to cells in other parts of the body. (actions)
Afferent neurons (sensory)
Carry messages from the body to the CNS (signals)
Autonomic nervous system
Functions operate without conscious effort. (Involuntary)
Sympathetic nervous system
Directs the body to spend energy; activated by a perceived threat in the environment.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Conserves energy and calms the body after an aroused state occurred.
Glial cells
support cells in the nervous system that nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
Neurons
specialized to respond rapidly to signals and send signals (action potentials) over long distances.
Reflex arc
a simple neural pathway that controls automatic responses by bypassing the brain for a faster reaction.
Multiple Sclerosis
a disease where the myellin sheath disintegrates, causing slower/blocked neural communication.
Mysathenia Gravis
a disorder where the body’s immune system blocks acetylcholine receptor sites, causing muscle weakness.
Interneurons
these relay messages between neurons in the central nervous system
middlemen of neural communication
Neural Transmission
the process of sending signals between neurons through electrical impulses and neural transmitters.
Threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response.
All or none response
a neuron will either fire at full strength or not at all.
Depolarization
the loss of the inside/outside charge difference.
Refractory Period
the brief time after firing where a neuron cannot fire again because it’s resetting it’s charge.
Reuptake
process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron after crossing the synapse.
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synapse to transmit signals between neurons.
Excitatory
promotes the generation of an action potential.
Inhibitory
Prevents the generation of an action potential.
Acetylocholine (ACh)
Learning: Enables muscle action and memory
with alzehmiers disease, ACh producing neurons deteriorate.
Dopamine (DA)
Reward: linked to the brain’s reward system; influencing emotion and movement.
Oversupply linked to Schizophrenia
Under supply linked to decreased mobility and tremors (Parkinson’s disease)
Seretonin
Mood: affects hunger, sleep, and arousal.
Under supply is linked to depression; some antidepressants raise Seretonin levels.
Norepinephrine (NE)
Concentration: helps control alertness and arousal
Under supply can suppress mood
Glutamate
Memory: major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory.
Oversupply can overstimulate the brain; leading to migraines and seizures
GABA
Calming: major inhibitory neurotransmitter; calms the brain
under supply can lead to seizures, tremors and insomnia.
Endorphins
Euphoria: neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure.
oversupply with opioid drugs can suppress body’s natural endorphin supply.
Substance P
Pain: involved in pain perception and immune response.
oversupply can lead to chronic pain