AP Psych Unit 1: 10-41

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31 Terms

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Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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Perhipheral nervous system

All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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Somatic nervous system

Voluntary control of the skeletal muscles.

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Efferent neurons (motor)

Carries messages from the CNS and delivers them to cells in other parts of the body. (actions)

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Afferent neurons (sensory)

Carry messages from the body to the CNS (signals)

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Autonomic nervous system

Functions operate without conscious effort. (Involuntary)

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Sympathetic nervous system

Directs the body to spend energy; activated by a perceived threat in the environment.

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Conserves energy and calms the body after an aroused state occurred.

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Glial cells

support cells in the nervous system that nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

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Neurons

specialized to respond rapidly to signals and send signals (action potentials) over long distances.

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Reflex arc

a simple neural pathway that controls automatic responses by bypassing the brain for a faster reaction.

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Multiple Sclerosis

a disease where the myellin sheath disintegrates, causing slower/blocked neural communication.

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Mysathenia Gravis

a disorder where the body’s immune system blocks acetylcholine receptor sites, causing muscle weakness.

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Interneurons

  • these relay messages between neurons in the central nervous system

  • middlemen of neural communication

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Neural Transmission

the process of sending signals between neurons through electrical impulses and neural transmitters.

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Threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response.

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All or none response

a neuron will either fire at full strength or not at all.

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Depolarization

the loss of the inside/outside charge difference.

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Refractory Period

the brief time after firing where a neuron cannot fire again because it’s resetting it’s charge.

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Reuptake

process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron after crossing the synapse.

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Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synapse to transmit signals between neurons.

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Excitatory

promotes the generation of an action potential.

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Inhibitory

Prevents the generation of an action potential.

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Acetylocholine (ACh)

  1. Learning: Enables muscle action and memory

  2. with alzehmiers disease, ACh producing neurons deteriorate.

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Dopamine (DA)

  1. Reward: linked to the brain’s reward system; influencing emotion and movement.

  2. Oversupply linked to Schizophrenia

  3. Under supply linked to decreased mobility and tremors (Parkinson’s disease)

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Seretonin

  1. Mood: affects hunger, sleep, and arousal.

  2. Under supply is linked to depression; some antidepressants raise Seretonin levels.

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Norepinephrine (NE)

  1. Concentration: helps control alertness and arousal

  2. Under supply can suppress mood

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Glutamate

  1. Memory: major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory.

  2. Oversupply can overstimulate the brain; leading to migraines and seizures

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GABA

  1. Calming: major inhibitory neurotransmitter; calms the brain

  2. under supply can lead to seizures, tremors and insomnia.

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Endorphins

  1. Euphoria: neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure.

  2. oversupply with opioid drugs can suppress body’s natural endorphin supply.

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Substance P

  1. Pain: involved in pain perception and immune response.

  2. oversupply can lead to chronic pain