european treatment of natives

What was the Encomienda System?

Spanish forced-labor system in colonies.

What was the Mission System?

Network of missions to convert and control Native populations.

What debate in 1550–1551 discussed the treatment of Natives?

Valladolid Debate.

What was the topic of the Valladolid Debate?

Role and rights of Natives in Spanish colonies.

Who argued Natives were inferior and Spanish conquest was justified?

Juan de Sepulveda.

Who defended Native rights and condemned Spanish cruelty?

Bartolomé de Las Casas.

Which view of Natives was closer to Spanish policy?

Sepulveda’s.

How did Natives respond to colonization?

Adapted to survive but preserved culture.

What characterized North America before European contact?

Less centralized, diverse dialects, widely dispersed.

Which Native political organization was the strongest in North America?

Iroquois Confederacy.

Which tribes lived in the Southwest?

Navajo, Pueblo, Apache.

What farming method did Southwest tribes use?

Irrigation farming.

What was a cultural tradition of the Pueblo people?

Clay pottery.

Why did Spain arrive in the Southwest first?

Proximity to Mexico.

What was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

Uprising against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

What caused the Pueblo Revolt?

Spanish suppression of Native religion and customs.

What tactics did Pueblos use in the revolt?

Destroyed Catholic symbols, restored autonomy.

What was the result of the Pueblo Revolt?

Spanish driven out temporarily.

How did the Spanish respond after the Pueblo Revolt?

Returned with stronger weapons and soldiers.

What lifestyle characterized Great Plains tribes?

Nomadic, following bison herds.

What animal was central to Plains tribes’ survival?

Bison.

Which animal did the Spanish introduce that transformed Plains culture?

Horses.

How did horses impact Great Plains tribes?

Increased mobility and hunting effectiveness.

Which tribes lived in the Northwest?

Kwakiutl and Chinook.

What was the main food source for Northwest tribes?

Fishing.

What did Northwest tribes build for transportation?

Canoes.

What type of housing did some Northwest tribes have?

Permanent plank houses.

What cultural item represented Northwest social/spiritual life?

Totem poles.

Which tribes formed the Iroquois Confederacy?

Several Northeast tribes.

What was the purpose of the Iroquois Confederacy?

Form alliances and political unity.

How did tribes communicate across North America?

Through trade and diplomacy networks.

What linked distant Native tribes together?

Intertribal trade and communication.

What was the “Black Legend”?

Portrayal of Spain as uniquely cruel to Natives.

How did English–Native relations begin?

Cooperation and trade (e.g., Pilgrims).

How did English–Native relations change over time?

Land seizure and violence increased.

How did the Dutch interact with Natives?

Trade, relatively good relations.

How did the French view Natives?

Economic and military allies.

What was central to French–Native trade?

Furs (especially beaver pelts).

What was the purpose of Spanish missions?

Convert Natives and organize labor.

How did Europeans suppress Native cultures?

Destroyed traditions and religious symbols.

How did Natives persist despite colonization?

Maintained languages and practices.

Where were the Pueblo communities located?

Arizona and New Mexico.

What type of villages did Pueblos build?

Sedentary, with irrigation farming.

Which Southwest group practiced farming and weaving?

Navajo.

Which Southwest group was more nomadic and raided settlements?

Apache.

Which English colonists first cooperated with Natives?

Pilgrims.

How was trade used in Native-European relations?

As diplomacy to build alliances.

What often triggered colonial violence with Natives?

Competition over land/resources.

How did the Spanish regain New Mexico after the revolt?

Used stronger weapons and soldiers.

What overall pattern defined European-Native contact?

From coercion (Spain) to alliances (France).