KIN 362--FINAL EXAM

Chapters 14, 19, & 23

muscular strength

maximal force that a muscle group can generate; 1 repetition maximum (1-RM)

muscular endurance

ability to make repeated contractions against a submaximal load

sarcopenia

_____ is the age related loss of muscle mass.

2

sarcopenia in older adults results in atrophy of type ___ fibers.

c

sarcopenia results in a reduction in the number of

a. type 1 fibers

b. type 2 fibers

c. both type 1 and 2 fibers

changes in oxidative capacity and capillary number

of the 6 possible physiological effects of resistance training, which one is the least probable?

true

true or false: at the beginning stages of resistance training, neural adaptations are responsible for the initial increase of muscular strength, not increase in muscle size.

cross education

____ refers to how performing resistance training with one limb will cause an increase in strength of the other limb due to neural adaptations despite not training this other limb.

a

which of the following is NOT a prominent change/adaptation seen in muscles as a result of changes in the nervous system?

a. changes in rate of agonist/antagonist activation

b. increase in neural drive

c. increase in motor unit recruitment and synchronization

d. increase in firing rate of motor units

e. improved neural transmission across the NMJ

c, d, and e

which of the following are changes/adaptations seen with the change in muscle fiber type and muscle size in resistance training?

a. slow-to-fast shift in fiber type

b. increase specific tension of type II fibers

c. increased muscle mass

d. fast-to-slow shift in fiber type

e. increase specific tension of type I fibers

increased calcium sensitivity

what is the primary cause for the increased specific tension of type I fibers caused by resistance training?

hypertrophy

increase in the size of the fibers

hyperplasia

increase in the number of fibers

false

true or false: hyperplasia is a process commonly found in humans but quite insignificant in animals.

b

an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity is important in the increase in muscular strength as a result of resistance training because it

a. removes products of fatigue such as lactate

b. removes free radicals for increase calcium activity

c. it does not result in an increase in muscular strength

d. a and b

parallel

muscular strength is _____ to tendon and ligament strength, meaning as one goes up, the other follows.

increased collagen

what causes an increase in tendon and ligament strength?

increase

resistance training results in an _____ in bone density.

increase; sarcoplasm

hypertrophy is caused by an _____ in contractile proteins and an increase in ______.

true

true or false: those who are trained have an earlier drop-off of protein synthesis than those who are untrained.

d

which of the following is not a key factor in the increase in protein synthesis seen in resistance training?

a. increase in ribosomes and their capacity

b. activation of mTOR

c. increase in mRNA

d. increase in transcriptional activators

TSC2; Rheb

in the mTOR pathway, Erk is responsible for inhibiting _____ to allow for the release of _____, an mTOR activator.

PA and Rheb

what are the two primary mTOR activators?

false

true or false: leucine supplementation can promote increases in protein synthesis over long-term resistance training.

false

true or false: anti-inflammatory drugs negatively impact hypertrophy

true

true or false: IGF-1 and growth hormone are not necessary in protein synthesis even though they increase at the onset of RT and protein synthesis.

impairs

concurrent strength training and endurance training ____ strength gains.

releases AMPK which increases TSC2 activation

how does endurance training depress protein synthesis?

80%

____ of differences in muscle mass between individuals is due to genetic variation.

myonuclei

satellite cells increase the number of ______.

blunted

for older individuals, satellite cell activation is _____.

false

true or false: retraining takes more time because you have to regain all of the myonuclei you lost.

b

aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed

a. muscle fiber hyperplasia

b. sarcopenia

c. muscle fiber hypotrophy

d. none of these is correct

c

during the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength is primarily due to

a. muscle fiber hyperplasia

b. muscle fiber hypertrophy

c. neural adaptations

d. both a and b

a

the term cross-education refers to ________.

a. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb

b. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength does NOT increase in the untrained (contralateral) limb.

c. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength decreases in the untrained (contralateral) limb

d. none of these is true

c

which of the following are not potential mechanisms of peripheral fatigue?

a. Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. cross-bridge force production

c. spinal cord activation

d. transverse tubules and the sarcolemma

a

one disadvantage of studying muscle fatigue in vivo is that _______.

a. these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms

b. these studies are not physiological

c. these studies only allow the study of fatigue during endurance events

d. none of these

b

studies suggest that elevating the levels of ______ in the brain can contribute to “central” fatigue during prolonged endurance events.

a. epinephrine

b. serotonin

c. acetylcholine

d. norepinephrine

d

which of the following durations of exercise would environmental factors play the largest role in determine performance?

a. events <10 seconds duration

b. events 10-180 seconds duraction

c. events lasting 3-20 minutes duration

d. events lasting 1-4 hours

a

free radicals can promote muscle fatigue in events lasting longer than 30 minutes by

a. damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges bound to actin

b. blocking action potential transmission across the neuromuscular junction

c. limiting ATP production

d. none of these answers is correct

d

what is the primary source of ATP production in ultra short-term (high intensity) exercise performances (i.e., exercise lasting less than 10 seconds)?

a. oxidative phosphorylation

b. equal ATP production is derived from PC and oxidative phosphorylation

c. equal ATP production is derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

d. PC (ATP-PC system)

a

compared to the heart rate value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate (e.g., 150 watts) at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is

a. higher

b. lower

c. the same

d. dependent on the conditioning state of the subject

c

which of the following pollutants is generated by the reaction of UV light and emissions from internal combustion engines?

a. carbon monoxide

b. sulfur dioxide

c. ozone

d. particulate matter

a

the best protection against heat stroke and heat exhaustion is

a. acclimatization

b. hydrating before exercise

c. wearing light-colored clothing

d. taking salt tablets

c

one would expect that individual exposure to air pollution is increased during outdoor exercise because the dose of exposure is proportional to

a. the concentration of particulate in the air

b. the ventilatory rate

c. both a and b

d. the elevation at which the exercise is performed

false

true or false: all humans adapt to living at high altitudes the same way

b

a single bout of resistance training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ___% above resting levels

a. 35-45

b. 50-150

c. 20-30

d. 200-300

a

the term hyperplasia refers to _________.

a. an increase in the total number of muscle fibers

b. an increase in muscle plasticity

c. muscle hypertrophy

d. none of the above

d

which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true?

a. resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in young men and women less than 29 years old

b. resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people of all ages

c. resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people aged 13-65 years old

d. resistance training does not promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years old

a

a single bout of resistance training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within ______ following the exercise session.

a. hours

b. days

c. minutes

d. seconds

c

following a single bout of resistance training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ____ in both trained and untrained individuals.

a. 10-15 hours

b. 15-20 hours

c. 35-50 hours

d. 20-25 hours

b

resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by _____.

a. an increase in the expansion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. an increase in the synthesis of collagen in the tendons and ligaments

c. a decrease in synthesis of AO enzymes

d. an increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis

b

having a high VO2 max would be a primary factor for success in performances lasting

a. less than 10 seconds

b. >4 hours

c. 3 to 20 minutes

d. 30 to 180 seconds

a

fatigue refers to

a. an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions

b. an increased free radical production that occurs during repeated muscle contractions

c. the sensation of pain associated with repeated muscle contractions

d. the feeling of sleepiness that occurs during repeated muscle contractions

d

carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting

a. 3 to 20 minutes

b. less than 10 seconds

c. 30 to 180 seconds

d. longer than 60 minutes

b

when environmental air temperature exceeds skin temperature

a. heat is lost from the body via convection

b. heat gain can occur in the body through convection or radiation

c. the sweat rate decreases

d. none of these answers is correct

d

which of the following terms describes the most serious form of heat illness?

a. heat cramps

b. heat syncope

c. heat exhaustion

d. heat stroke

c

the partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PO2) decreases with increasing altitude because of the

a. higher percent of nitrogen in the air

b. lower percent of oxygen in the air

c. lower barometric pressure

d. higher percent of carbon dioxide in the air

c

which of the following range of values represents “good” air quality as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI)?

a. 51-100

b. 101-150

c. 0-50

d. 151-200

b

pulmonary ventilation is lower at altitude than at sea level for any work rate. During exercise at high exercise intensities, this could result in

a. hypoventilation

b. fatigue of the respiratory muscles (e.g., diaphragm)

c. exercise-induced hypercapnia

d. none of the above

a

the term that describes the potential loss of heat due to cold air and air movement is

a. wind chill

b. hypothermia

c. frostbite

d. none of the above

c

Compared to competition at sea level, distance-running performances are generally not as good when conducted at high altitude. This is due to the

a. greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy

b. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy

c. lower PO2 in the inspired air

d. lower air density

a

If athletes plan to use high altitude training, research suggests that the best way for an endurance athlete to take advantage of altitude-induced physiological adjustments is to live at _______ altitude and train at ______ altitude

a. high, low

b. low, high

c. high, high

d. low, low

a

Compared to the heart rate value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is

a. higher

b. dependent on the conditioning state of the subject

c. lower

d. the same

b

When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level because of the

a. greater amount of oxygen in the air

b. lower air density

c. lower lactate production

d. increased AO enzyme output

c

one measurable environmental factor that is quantified to understand the air pollution dose that an individual receives is

a. ultra violet light concentration

b. particulate matter larger than 2.5 mm

c. particulate matter larger than 2.5 μm

d. none of the above

b

to quantify the overall heat stress associated with any environment, the _____ guide was developed

a. dry bulb temperature

b. wet bulb temperature

c. black globe temperature

d. none of the above

a

the most rapid and effective method of reducing body temperature in those with high body temperature is

a. cold water immersion

b. rapid fluid replacement

c. moving the athlete to the shade

d. waiting; cooling is a slow process

c

Muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as ________.
a. motor learning
b. efferent control
c. neural drive
d. motor endplate activation

b

A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as _____________.
a. an antagonist
b. an agonist
c. a promoter
d. none of these is correct

b

Neural drive is defined as ___________________________________.
a. the size of the motor units activated during muscular contraction
b. the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate
c. the amount of afferent feedback to the central nervous system during exercise
d. the amplitude of the neural output from the cerebellum during exercise

c

An important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is ____________.
a. the muscle spindle
b. the inhibitory neurotransmitter acetylcholine
c. the Golgi tendon organ
d. both the muscle spindle and the Golgi tendon organ are correct

d

A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________.
a. TSC2
b. the lysosome
c. tyrosine
d. mTOR

b

Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis.
a. the amino acid taurine
b. the amino acid leucine
c. an increase in the muscle levels of TSC2
d. all of these are correct

a

By comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining (i.e., loss of muscular strength) following a resistance training program is _________.
a. slower
b. faster
c. approximately equal
d. extremely rapid with 90% of the strength loss occurring within the first 10 days of detraining

c

Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:
a. a decrease in muscle protein synthesis
b. increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers
c. both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct
d. None of these is correct

b

which of the following changes with increasing altitude?

a. percentages of O2, CO2, and N2 in the air

b. the partial pressure of these elements

c. none of these

permanent residents

who has better acclimatization: permanent residents or people who train at high altitudes?

2; 1 and 2

sarcopenia results in atrophy of type __ fibers while also causing a reduction in number of type _______ fibers.

47

____ different genes are major contributors to muscle mass.

b

recovery of dynamic strength loss can be recovered how quickly?

a. slowly (over 3 months)

b. rapidly (within 6 weeks)

c. moderately (within 2 months)

d. none of the above

muscle memory

the ability for rapid muscle recovery is called __________.

20-30

20 to 30 days of muscle inactivity can result in ____% reduction in muscle fiber size.

b

In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors limits performance?

a. availability of carbohydrate supplementation

b. VO2 max

c. creatine phosphate depletion

d. availability of plasma FFA

c

In short-term performances (10-180 seconds) which of the following factors is the primary cause of fatigue?

a. muscle glycogen depletion

b. hypoglycemia

c. H+ accumulation

d. depressed plasma FFA

true

true or false: running economy becomes an increasingly important determinant of success as the duration of the performance increases

a

A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the eyes are opened, tension is restored. This experiment is a demonstration of fatigue being related to which of the following sites?

a. central nervous system

b. muscle

c. peripheral nervous system

d. mitochondria

b and c

central fatigue is characterized by reductions in

a. muscle glycogen stores

b. motor units activated

c. motor unit firing frequency

d. cross-bridge contractility

overtraining; serotonin

what is the proposed cause of central fatigue and which hormone is it related to?

central governor

what is the model that explains central nervous system fatigue?

true

true or false: neural factors behind peripheral fatigue are not located within the neuromuscular junction.

c and d

what is the site of peripheral fatigue associated with neural factors?

a. neuromuscular junction

b. cross-bridge

c. sarcolemma

d. transverse tubules

impaired sodium-potassium pump and reduced SR calcium release

what are the two factors that contribute to sarcolemma and transverse tubule fatigue?

d

cross-bridge cycling and tension development depends on

a. calcium binding to troponin

b. ATP availability

c. arrangement of actin and myosin

d. all of the above

d

high H+ concentration may contribute to fatigue by

a. reducing the force per cross-bridge

b. inhibit calcium release from the SR

c. reduce the force generated at a given calcium concentration

d. all of the above

d

an accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) can result in

a. inhibition of maximal force

b. reduced cross-bridge binding to actin

c. inhibition of calcium release from SR

d. all of the above

false

true or false: peripheral fatigue can be a result of a low ATP concentration as the rate of ATP utilization is faster than the rate of ATP generation.

true

true or false: antioxidant supplements do not prevent fatigue and high doses can even impair muscle performance.

1

up to 40% of VO2 max, type __ fibers are recruited.

2a

once you reach 40% VO2max up until 75%, type ___ fibers are recruited