Bio Evolution Test

Evolution

* Change over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors
* How life changes and adats on Earth

Who was Charles Darwin

an English Naturalist

What did he change?

Th way we view the world

What theory did he develop?

Theory of Natural Selection

What is this theory?

Gave scientific principles to what people observed (That things change over time)

What did he sail on for his voyage?

HMS beagle

For how long

5 years

What did he observe?

A wide variety of habitats from around the world that allowed him to make a hypothesis about animals and plants in those areas

Organisms are suited to ___________

their particular environment

What unique way of life does every organism have?

Getting food, protecting themselves, and producing offspring

What did this lead to?

3 Main observations

Darwin’s first observation?

Species vary globally

What does this mean

SImilar animals occupy similar habitats, but in different locations around the world

What is Darwin’s 2nd observation

species vary locally

what does this mean

differences exist between related species based on their local habitats

Galapagos Islands

Groups of islands with great diversity

What diversity

different habitats

Who did it influence the most?

Darwin

Why?

Darwin saw that habitat influences characteristics

Darwin’s 3rd observation

Species vary over time

What does this mean?

Living organisms resembled fossils

* they are slightly changed

Who were the first people with ideas before Darwin

Hutton and Lyell

What did they conclude

Earth is extremely old

Natural disasters that change the Earth are the ________ ___ we see today

same ones

How did they influence Darwin?

Earth has changed over millions of years

What did this make Darwin question?

“Why can’t life change too?”

Who is the second idea before Darwin

Lamarck

Why was he famous?

Original theory of evolution

Correct or Incorrect

Incorrect

What did he believe?

Individual organisms could change IN THEIR LIFETIME by SELECTIVELY using or not using organs

* These ACQUIRED traits were then passed on to the offspring

Examples:

* Giraffes stretched their necks and became taller
* Black-winged Stilt greq long legs as it went deeper into the water

Who was the third idea before Darwin?

Malthus

What did he believe

Overpopulation leads to disease, famine, and war

How did Darwin apply this?

Majority of offspring die, so only the most fit will survive

What is an idea before Darwin

Artificial Selection

what is this

Selecting beneficial traits to produce to next generation

* so it must be heritable

What is the mechanism for evolution?

Natural Selection

Where is it proposed?

Darwin’s Book- On the Origin of Species

What is it?

Organisms with variations MOST SUITED to their environment will survive and have offspring

What increases the ability to survive

adaptations

What is an example?

Aye-Aye monkeys that uses their long fingers to tap trees and listen for the hallow area that has insects and then probes them out.

What is the 1st condition for natural selection

struggle for existence

What is the 2nd

Variation and adaptation are found within a species (MUST BE HERITABLE)

What is the 3rd?

Survival of the fittest occurs

Fitness

How likely you are to survive and reproduce.

What is an example

The peppered moths in the Industrial Revolution

Mimicry adaptations

Animal evolves to look like another animal or thing (can also be camouflage)

Principle of Common Descent

all species, living and extinct, are united by descent from ancient common ancestors

What is diversity due to?

selection and adaptation

Things have adapted to be best ____ __for their specific__ ____

suited; niche

Tree of life

Links all living things on earth

what does that mean?

We all have a common ancestor

What is an evidence of evolution?

Biogeography

What is the first part of biogeography?

Similar looking, unrelated, organisms exist in different locations

Why is this?

Similar adaptations that make them best suited for their similar habitat

Example?

Jaguar and a leopard

What is the 2nd part to biogeography?

Related species adapt differently based on unique habitat location and needs.

Example?

Darwin’s finches

How is that an example?

All the finches in the Galapagos share a common ancestor

So what?

Their beaks were adapted to their individual environments

What is another example of biogeography?

All the different species of marsupials and no advanced terrestrial animals in Australia

What is another evidence of evolution?

fossil records

How?

* Fossil evidence in different layers of rock show the gradual changes over time
* Plenty of time for small changes via natural selection to occur and change an entire species

Example

Dinosaurs→ Birds fossils

What are other evidences of evolution

homologous vs analogous and vestigial structures

Homologous Structures

structures with same origin and structure but different function

Example:

Man, cow, horse, whale, and bird hand

What does this mean in simple terms?

Animals are related (common ancestor), but live in different environments

Analogous Structures

Different origin same function

Example:

Butterfly and bird wing

Vestigial Structure

Structures that no longer have a function but were once used in the ancestor

Example

* whale pelvic girdle
* Human appendix and tailbone
* eyeballs in blind creatures

What is the fifth evidence of evolution

embryology similarities

What is that?

Similar developmental patterns that exist in all vertebrates

What does this mean?

We all have a common ancestor

Example:

Gill pouches and tails in embryonic stages

What is the last evidence of evolution

Genetics and molecular biology

What does that discover?

DNA similarities exist between related species

So if you have more amino acids in common you are…

more related

Example

Humans and chimp amino acid difference= 0

Morphological adaptations

physical adaptation

Examples of a primate

humans, apes, monkeys, and other close relatives

5 characteristics of a primate

1. long fingers and toes
2. hands capable of grasping
3. arms rotate around shoulder joints
4. Well-developed brain
5. Eyes face forward

Are Old and New World monkeys considered hominoids

no, just human-like

What are traits of the Old World monkeys

Larger in size, longer nose, downward facing nostrils, and no tail (or its very short).

Where does it live

Africa, Asia, and Middle East

Characteristics of New World Monkeys

Flat face nostrils to the side and long, curly tails to grasp things and swing in trees

Where do they reside?

South Africa

Who belongs to the hominoid group?

humans, apes, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, etc.

Hominoids

Primates that lack tails, upright posture, large brains

Humans and their ancestors are classified as having what?

1. Bipedalism (walk on 2 feet)
2. Flat face with small canines

What is significant about Lucy?

She is the first ancestor with both ape and human-like characteristics

What group is she in?

Australopithecus

What is homo habilis known for

Most ancient member of our genus (group with common characteristics)

Where did they live?

Kenya, Africa (never left)

Why were they interesting

used tools

Homo Erectus left _______

Africa

They lived about __________ years ago

1\.9 million to 143,000

What are their key traits?

Stood up right, used tools, lit fires, ate cooked meat, and were more advanced (like hand axes)

What are humans called

homosapiens sapiens