Anglo-Saxon - Pure Chemical Entities | ORIGINS of PCOG & Plant Chemistry

Herbarium Apuleius

one of the most copied herbal manuscripts, contains over 100 herbs

The Leech Book of Bald

contains many formulas and herbal remedies in a fairly sophisticated system of therapeutics

Family Myddvai

• practice herbalism in a highly artful degree,

• their work is written in Physicians of Myddvai

Monastic Pharmacy

• During the middle ages, remnants of Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (5th - 12th centuries)

• Manuscripts were translated or copied for monastery libraries

monks

• they cultivate herbs in the garden

• herbs were prepared based on the art of apothecary

The Renaissance

Otto Brunfels

Hiernonymus Bock

Father of Modern Phytography

De Nuovo Receptario

• First pharmacopoeia with official status originated in Florence, Italy.

• It was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498

• Guild of apothecaries and medical society

Martin de la Cruz

wrote the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians)

Quinine and D-tubocurarine

both derived from South American plants altered biomedicine and world history

curare

a common name for various plant extract alkaloid arrow poisons originating from Central and South America

Chondrodendrone tomentosum

Strychnos toxifera

source of curare

tubocurarine

packing in “hollow bamboo tubes”

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus of Hohenheim (Paracelsus)

• introduced minerals into medical practice and called for extraction of the active principle from animal, plants, or mineral.

• healing was due to ‘the power of life, which id only supported by the medical doctor and the medicine’

London

the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries was founded in

Chelsea Physic Garden

own garden of medicinal plants, known today as __

Nicholas Culpeper

• one of the most well-known english apothecaries (and astrologers) of the 17th century.

• Known for ‘Culpeper’s herbal’.

Culpeper herbal

This is the only herbal that rivals in popularity John Gerard’s General historie of plantes.

Carolus Linnaeus

naming and classifying drugs

crude drugs

At the end of the 28th century, ___ were still being used as powders, simple extracts, or tinctures.

New Era in the History of Medicine

• Isolation of morphine from opium

• Strychnine (1817)

• Quinine and caffeine (1820)

• Nicotine (1828)

• Atropine (1833)

• Cocaine (1855)

19th century

• The chemical structures of many of the isolated compounds were determined

• The progress achieved during __ in the field of botanical sciences had a direct influence in pharmacognosy

Morphine

• from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae)

• chemically characterized as an alkaloid

Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner

who identified morphine from opium poppy?

salicin

from willow bark

Johannes Buchner

who isolated the first salicin from willow bark?

Rafaele Pirea

derivatized the salicin

Bayer company

yielded salicylic acid (aspirin) from salicin