Cognitive approach

Explain the use of one research method in one study of cognitive processes.

Loftus and Palmer demonstrate an experiment, a strength being that the confounding variables can be controlled and a weakness being that it has low ecological validity.

Explain one ethical consideration, relevant to one study of the reliability of cognitive processes.

The ethical consideration, deception, was demonstrated by Loftus and Palmer with misleading questions that were asked to the participants.

Discuss schema theory

Schema theory is how memory is stored and retrieved. Loftus and Palmer wanted to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect the estimation of speed, using schema theory.

Explain the working memory model with reference to one study

The working memory model is a model that explains how and where memory is distributed throughout the brain, A study could be Baddeley and Hitch.

Explain the multi store model with reference to one study

The multi store model is a model that processes, different types of memory through attention, coding and rehearsal, a study that shows this is HM: Milner.

Discuss one model of thinking and decision-making.

System one and system two thinking was used by Tversky and Kahneman, Who asked participants to multiply different numbers at once and at different paces. System one thinking is instinctive and quick while system two thinking is thoughtful and slow.

Discuss the reliability of one cognitive process

Martin and Halverson wanted to investigate how schema plays a role in how children understand and learn about gender roles which supports the reliability, this was done by giving the children a test to assess their level, gender stereotyping prior to the experiment.

Discuss one or more studies of reconstructive memory

Brewer and Treyens wanted to investigate the role of schema and encoding and retrieval of episodic memory.

Discuss one or more studies of cognitive biases

Tversky and Kahneman showed the cognitive bias, heuristics, which are mental shortcuts to come to a quick decision.

Explain, one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process using one study

McGaugh and Cahill found that stress had correlation with the participants who had heard the more emotionally arousing story demonstrated better recall of specific details in the study.