A&P II T4 (Digestive System)

-Red, Soft, and shiny: bleeds easily.

-Lead to destruction of the gums and bone disease called periodontitis

Gingivitis

Symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of the TMJ. when inflamed or diseased jaw movement becomes limited. pain & limitation = bilateral

Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ)

Candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums. Produces sore, slightly raised, pale yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat.

Thrush

-Hyperkeratosis or epidermal thickening of the buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip.

-results from chronic irritation, like friction caused by cheek biting, dentures, or rough teeth.

(Treatment: eliminate the source of irritation)

Leukoplakia

Clinical manifestations of regurgitation of the stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus frequently occur at night due to laying in a supine position. Pt experiences belching with a burning sensation in the chest and mouth.

GERD

Stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus is replaced with abnormal columnar epithelium. One of the most severe causes of chronic GERD, 15% of pts with this disease develop Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett Esophagus

Dilated submucosal veins develop in pts with underlying portal HTN and may result in serious upper GI bleeding.

Esophageal Varices

-Inflammation of the esophagus (chest pain).

-An esophagoscopy is used to confirm diagnosis and determine the extent of the inflammation.

-Treatment: bland diets, esophageal stricture may require dilation.

Esophagitis

Pt is asymptomatic, especially if caused by NSAID ingestion.

Gastric Ulcer

Symptoms vary from subtle mid-epigastric pain and heartburn to intense pain in the upper abdomen.

Peptic Ulcer

Associated with an increase of acid and gastric juice.

Duodenal Ulcers

-Inflammation of the lining of stomach: acute form is a common disorder.

-Many things could damage gastric lining, such as aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs, poisons, alcohol, smoking tobacco or other substances, etc..

Gastritis

-Pt w/ early carcinoma of the stomach is frequently asymptomatic, as it progresses, the most common symptoms are weight loss and persistent abdominal pain

-Treatment is identified through the tumour staging system.

Gastric Cancer

H. Pylori also known as carcinogen.

What can cause gastric cancer that’s usually in the distal stomach?

Inflammation of the appendix, generally can be diagnosed based on the physical examination and reported symptoms; one significant diagnostic indicator is maximal tenderness of the abdomen at McBurney point.

Acute appendicitis

defect in the diaphragm that permits a segment of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity, caused by a congenital defect in the diaphragm or a weakness that develops.

Hiatal Hernia

-organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall.
-Signs and symptoms of abdominal hernias vary with the site and the size of the hernia.

Abdominal Hernia

-Chronic inflammatory disorder of the GI tract that affects up to 480,000 persons in the United States.
-Any portion of the GI tract from mouth to anus can be affected.

-Patients may have chronic diarrhea or crampy, intermittent abdominal pain.

Crohns Disease

General term for acute inflammation of the ling of the stomach and intestines, these organs remain protected by normal bacterial flora and acid secretions and the motility in the GI tract.

Gastroenteritis

-mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines.
-Occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move because of partial or complete bowel blockage.

Intestinal Obstruction

-progressive condition, common with age, characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel.
-Diverticula of the mucosa penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of the large intestine.

Diverticulosis

-cancer that arises in any part of the colon or the rectum.

-Symptoms: abdominal pain, bloody stools, and weight loss.

Colorectal Cancer

Surgical resection of the affected part of the colon or rectum, and any affected lymph nodes. a colostomy may be indicated.

Treatment of colorectal cancer

- functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating and erratic dysfunction of bowel habits.
- Features changes in bowel habits with predominant diarrhea or constipation.

IBS

-the inflammation of the peritoneum, can be acute or chronic and local and generalized.
-When it is irritated or infected, the peritoneum becomes hyperemic and edematous as fluid accumulates.

Peritonitis

Abdominal pain, N/V, weakness, and profuse sweating.

Symptoms of peritonitis

a chronic degenerative disease that is irreversible.

Cirrhosis of the Liver

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. Paracentesis is performed to alleviate pressure by draining the excess fluid.

Ascites

Highly contagious and is transmitted by the fecal-oral route from contaminated food, water, and stools.

Hep A

-Blood borne.
-Transmitted primarily through percutaneous and per mucosal routes.
-Vaccine available to health care workers in high-risk occupations.

Hep B

-considered a widespread epidemic and is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States.
-Chronic HCV results in liver disease that can develop into liver cirrhosis.
-Risk factors include working in health care.
-Standard universal precautions must be enforced

Hep C

-Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary tumour of the liver that usually arises in the setting of chronic liver disease.
-Patients who develop HCC often have no symptoms other than those associated with chronic liver disease.

Liver Cancer

-common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in the bile.
-Colicky pain signals obstruction of the cystic duct or common bile duct by one or more stones.

Cholelithiasis

-acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with obstruction of the cystic duct.
-Results from an obstruction caused by gallstones.

Cholecystitis

acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas.
-Alcoholism, biliary tract disease, trauma, infection, hemorrhage, hyperlipidemia, or drugs may cause pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis

-disease of the small intestine that is characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance and damage to the lining of the intestine.
-The end result of celiac disease is malabsorption and malnutrition

Celiac Disease

Pain in the chest that is not cardiac related.

pleurodynia