Ap gov unit 1 part 2

Federalism

power is shared between the national and state governments. The exclusive and concurrent powers of the national and state governments help explain the ongoing debate over the balance of power between the two levels.

Exclusive power

powers held by only one level of government

Enumerated powers

Exclusive power that are written in the Constitution

Implied powers

Exclusive powers that are not specifically written in the Constitution but are inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Reserved powers

not delegated or enumerated to the national government but are reserved to the states, as stated in the Tenth Amendment.

Concurrent powers

shared between both levels of government such as the power to collect taxes, the power to make and enforce laws, and the power to build roads.

Fiscal federalism

distribution of power between national and state governments is demonstrated by, revenue sharing, block grants, categorical grants, and mandates

Revenue sharing

national funding with almost no restrictions to the states on its use and is the least used form of funding

Block grants

national funding with minimal restrictions to the states on its use and is preferred by states

Categorical grants

national funding that is restricted to specific categories of expenditures, is preferred by the national government, and is the most commonly used form of funding

Mandates

requirements by the national government, can be paid for by the federal government or not paid but required

the balance of power between national and state governments has changed over time based on interpretations from

the supreme court

Fourteenth amendment includes

due process and equal protection clause, which give the national government the power to enforce protections for any person against the states, but Supreme Court interpretations can influence the extent of those protections.

Commerce clause

gives the national government the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Necessary and proper clause

gives Congress the power to make laws related to carrying out its enumerated powers,

Supremacy clause

gives the national government and its laws general precedence over states' laws

Multiple access points

The allocation of powers between national and state governments creates ways for stakeholders and institutions to influence policy

National policy making is constrained by

by the sharing of concurrent powers with state governments.