Chapter 11

aorta

the largest artery in the body

arteriole

small artery

artery

large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

atrioventricular bundle

Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His.

atrioventricular node

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria

atrium

one of two upper chambers of the heart

capillary

smallest blood vessel

carbon dioxide

gas released by body cells

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

deoxygenated blood

Blood that is oxygen-poor.

diastole

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

electrocardiogram

record of the electricity flowing through the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

endothelium

Innermost lining of blood vessels

mitral valve

located between the left atrium and left ventricle

murmur

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

normal sinus rhythm

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute

oxygen

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

pacemaker

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat

pericardium

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

pulse

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

septum

wall dividing two cavities

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

systemic circulation

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

systole

contraction phase of the heartbeat

tricuspid valve

located between the right atrium and right ventricle

valve

structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction

vein

a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

vena cava

largest vein in the body

ventricle

one of two lower chambers of the heart

venule

small vein

angi/o

vessel

aorta/o

aorta

arter/o arteri/o

artery

ather/o

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

arti/o

artium (upper heart chamber)

brachi/o

arm

cardi/o

heart

cholesterol/o

cholesterol ( a lipid substance)

heart

coron/o

cyan/o

blue

myx/o

mucus

ox/o

oxygen

pericardi/o

pericardium

phleb/o

vein

rrythm/o

rhythm

spygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

thromb/o

clot

valvul/o, valv/o

valve

vas/o

vessel

vessel

vascul/o

vein

ven/o, ven/i

ventricul/o

ventricle, lower heart chamber

acute coronary syndromes (ACS)

unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries.

angina (pectoris)

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia.

angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by angriotensin converting enzyme - treat hypertension, Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus dilates blood vessels. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.

auscultation

Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope

beta-blocker

Drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart.

biventricular pacemaker

Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart

bruit

An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ.

calcium channel blocker

Drug used to treat angina and hypertension. It dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.

cardiac arrest

Sudden, unexpected stopping of heart action; sudden cardiac death

cardiac tamponade

Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

claudication

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

digoxin

Drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

embolus (plural: emboli)

clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

infarction

Area of dead tissue

nitrates

Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue

nitroglycerin

A nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

occlusion

closure of a blood vessel due to blockage

palpatations

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

pericardical friction rub

scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of the pericarditis

patent

open

petechiae

Small, pinpoint hemorrhages

stains

drugs to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

thrill

firration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)

vegetations

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves

AAA

abdominal aortic aneurysm

ACE

angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

ACLS

advanced cardiac life support; CPR plus drugs and defibrillation

ACS

acute coronary syndrome

ADP

adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular related death, heart attack, and strokes and after alll stent procedures

AED

automated external defibrillator

AF,a-fib

atrial fibrillation

AICD

automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator

AMI

acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)

ARVD

arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

AS

aortic stenosis

ASD

arterial septal defect

AV,A-V

atrioventricular

AVR

aortic valve replacement

BBB

bundle branch block

BNP

brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in congestive heart failure