working together to create code- has many benefits: diversity, diff talents + experiences
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Debugging
removing bugs (mistakes, errors) from the code and making sure it runs smoothly
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Event Driven Programming
he flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions, sensor outputs, or message passing from other programs or threads
ex: if, then statement
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Incremental development process
split the design problem into small problems and work on these problems one by one
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Iterative developement process
repeating process that continues with feedback, rework, and testing until the user’s requirements have been completed
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Logic error
program produces unexpected results
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Overflow error
integer is larger than the programming language can hold
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Runtime errror
occur when the program is executing
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Syntax error
missing parentheses or punctuation
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Abstraction
managing the complexity of a program by using lists, variables, etc
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Analog Data
has continous values and creates a smooth curve as values change
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digital data
uses only 0s and 1s and approximates analog data by using samplings of the analog values
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abstraction
managing complexity in code
ex: lists
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analog data
has continous values and creates a smooth curve as values change
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bias
unfair advantage
when an algorithm produces an output that is predijuced
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bits
binary digits
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byte
8 bits
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binary
number system used in computer science
computers read machine code at the lowest level- made up of 0s and 1s
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classifying, cleaning, and filtering data
activities for processing raw data
after data is processed, it is than analyzed into information
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Lossless data compression
original file can be restored
takes up more storage
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Lossy data compression
original file can NOT be restored
smaller files/takes less storage
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metadata
identifying data in data
ex: date, time, owner of data
used to effectively organize + tag data
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scalability
the ability to increase the capacity of a resource without having to go to a completely new solution, and for that resource to continue to operate at regular levels while increased capacity is being added
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algorithm
set of steps to do a task
ex: calculate grade averages, run ac when room temp reaches 78, calculate shortest route to your house from school on your GPS
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API
application programming interfaces
connect a program to external software to import libraries
a way for apps or programs to communicate w each other
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variables
a holding place for data
x = apple
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lists
can store many values in one variable
**starts at index position 1**
common functions in list : append, insert, remove, length
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integers
whole numbers
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real numbers
has decimals
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boolean
true or false
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string
text
functions : concatenation - gluing 2 strings together, substring - taking a section of a string
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arithmetic operators
same as math: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
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MOD function
provides only the remainder after division
ex: if x MOD 2 = 0
print (“hello world”)
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sequential statements
each step is executed in order
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selection statements
filter out some lines of code using an IF condition
selecting certain parts of the code to be run using if statement, else statement, ELIF
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iterative statements
repeat code
ex : repeat until, repeat n times
condition will only evaluate to true or false (boolean)
for each loop- repeat the code for each element in a list or string
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binary searches
divide and conquer technique and can only be used with SORTED datasets. lower or higher feedback is provided to determine the next midpoint
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linear searches
check every element to either find the item in question or determine that it is not in the dataset. can be used in sorted or unsorted datasets
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procedures
blocks of code that can be used repeatedly in the program
* they can have parameters - provide a way for different values to be passed to them * using parameters makes a program more abstract * provides procedural abstraction
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heuristic solutions
often find solutions too good for the need at hand
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undecidable problems
no algorithm can solve for all instances of the problem
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simulations
enable ppl to test hypotheses by quickly changing values of variables, running multiple tests, quickly, in a safe environment
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internet
a network of networks that enables people across the globe to be connected
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redundancy
the internet’s structure provides multiple paths to hosts, so if one path is down, info can travel back and forth over a diff route
* makes internet fault tolerant
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fault tolerant
redundancy makes more reliable
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IP adress
assigned to a device everytime it connects to the internet
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packets
packets can arrive at the recieving computer in diff order than sent by the sending computer
can follow any path and often choose different paths
small sections of data
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TCP
transmission control protocol
defines how computers send packets of data to each other
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IP
internet protocol; adresss
responsible for adressing and routing ur online requests
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UDP
user datagram protcol
faster than TCP but less accurate
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IPv4 and IPv6
ipv4 supports a lott of adresses
since one adress has to be assigned to each device, the number of open adresses is slowly decreasing
ipv6 increases the length of ip adresses and supports more adresses overall
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fault tolerance
ensures that if a code/node fails, there is another path for data to travel
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redundancy
makes internet fault tolerant
allows adding new devies without disrupting traffic