13.1 | Constitutional Rights

incorporation

extended Bill of Rights to all levels of government

human rights

fundamental freedoms, lies at the heart of the U.S. political system and enables citizens & non-citizens to worship as they wish, speak freely, & read and write what they choose

Fourteenth Amendment

not only defined citizenship, but also laid groundwork for making individual rights national; due process clause applies guarantees of Bill of Rights to state & local governments

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

upheld view that Bill of Rights was not intended to limit state and local governments

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Court held speech could be restricted even if it had only a tendency to lead to illegal action, establishing the bad tendency doctrine

nationalization

citizens who believe that a state or local authority has denied them their basic rights may take their case to a federal court