unit 3 micro

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

three domains of life

proto-eukaryotic cell

ancestral cell for all eukaryotes

theory of endosymbiosis

provides a possible explanation of how this proto-eukaryotic cell evolved to produce all modern eukaryotes, including both heterotrophic and photosynthetic eukaryotes; explains that the mitochondria evolved from an aerobic bacterium that was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell

symbiosis

any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms

endosymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

flagellum

9 doublets of microtubules + 2 central microtubules; motility, propeller like motion

motile cilia

9 doublets of microtubules + 2 central microtubules; motility, back and fourth beating

glycocalyx

protein-linked and lipid-linked carbohydrates that span the cytoplasmic membrane; cell signaling, protection, and adhesion

cell wall

made up of chitin and other polysaccharides in fungi; cellulose in most algae; protects cells from lysing in hypotonic environments

cytoplasmic membrane

bilayered, made up of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids; selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients, and excretion of metabolites

cytoplasm

water-based gelatinous solution; houses all the internal structures, compartments, and organelles

nucleus

DNA, rRNA, and proteins surrounded by a nuclear envelope; contains/stores chromatin used for making proteins (gene expression)

nucleolus

dense region within the nucleus composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins; ribosome manufacturing site

ribosome

two subunits made up of rRNA and proteins, one large subunit (60S) and a small subunit (40S), total size 80S; protein synthesis (translation)

cytoskeleton

composed of 3 types: microtubules made up of tubulin, intermediate filaments made up of keratin, and microfilaments made up of actin; all 3 types provides cell structure, shape, and support

vesicles

a structure that is enclosed by a bilayered lipid membrane; transport

vacuoles

a structure that is enclosed by a bilayered lipid membrane; storage

rough ER

intracellular network of membrane containing ribosomes; produces secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and hydolytic enzymes contained within the lysosome

smooth ER

composed of 3 dimensional polygonal networks of tubules called cisternae; lipid synthesis, detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts, and calcium storage

golgi apparatus

made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed, disks known as cisternae; packages, modifies, and sorts proteins

lysosomes

a structure that is enclosed by a bilayered lipid membrane containing hydrolytic enzymes; digest, degrade, and recycles macromolecules and dead organelles

peroxisomes

a structure that is enclosed by a bilayered lipid membrane containing oxidative enzymes (catalase); lipid metabolism and conversion of reactive oxygen species

mitochondria

contains an outer membrane and inner membrane surrounding a matrix containing enzymes, circular DNA, and 70S ribosomes; production of ATP

chloroplast

contains two membranes surrounding a fluid-enzyme filled space called stroma, contains stacked thylakoids called granum as well as circular DNA and 70S ribosomes; site of photosynthesis producing glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate, which is used to make glucose

endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, ER, vesicles, golgi, vacuoles, lysosomes, cell membrane

yeast

unicellular, microscopic, oval shape, asexual reproduction through budding, forms pseudohyphae

molds

multicellular, microscopic, threadlike shape, asexual reproduction - fragmentation and asexual spores, sexual reproduction - sexual spores, forms a mycelium - separated hypae and nonseptated hyphae

mushroom puffballs

multicellular, macroscopic

hyphae

a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus

pseudohyphae

a chain of easily disrupted fungal cells that is intermediate between a chain of budding cells and a true hypha

mycelium

a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

budding

a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site

vegetable hyphae

hyphae that initially form on the surface of a food source, mainly serve to digest, absorb, and distribute nutrients from the food source

reproductive hyphae

produces fungal spores for the purpose of dissemination and asexual reproduction

protothecosis

main medical concern regarding algae focuses on the poisonous effects of their toxins, caused by mutated algae

fission

is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original

syngamy

the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction

conjugation

the temporary union of two unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material

platyhelminths

mostly thin and segmented body, no body cavity, one opening used a mouth and anus (cestodes, trematodes)

nematodes

long-cylindrical and unsegmented body, contains a body cavity, complete digestive tract (ascaris, pinworms, hookworms)

hermaphroditic

an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gamates associated with male and female sexes

transdermal

across the skin

vector-borne

an illness caused by the vectors, a carrier of the causative microbe

fecal-oral route

eggs or larvae are passed into the feces of one host and ingested with food/water by another host

transdermal transmission

the infective larvae from the environment, penetrate the host skin and migrate through the tissues to the gut, adults develop and produce eggs that can be released in feces; soil

vector-borne transmission

the larva is ingested or taken up by the vector and can be injected into new hosts; blood sucking arthropods

predator-prey transmission

the cyst or larvae are found within prey animals (intermediate host) which are then eaten by predators (definitive host); adult worms develop and produce eggs, which can then be released back into the environment (feces)

louis pasteur

hypothesized that some diseases are caused by organisms that are smaller than bacteria and proposed to refer to them using the word virus

friedrich loeffler and paul frosch

presented the first evidence that the cause of foot-and-mouth disease causative agent was small enough to be filtered through filters that could hold all the known bacteria in the 19th century

obligate intracellular parasite

microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host

-virae

kingdom

-virites

subkingdom

-viricota

phylum

-viricetes

class

-virales

order

-viridae

family

-virus

genus

virion

the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell, with a core of RNA or DNA and a capsid

naked virus

a virus lacking a viral envelope

enveloped virus

a virus that contains a viral envelope (the outermost layer that helps to further protect the genetic coat in a virus

nucleocapsid

the nucleic acid and surrounding protein coat in a virus

viral genome (nucleic acid)

genetic material, codes for viral proteins

capsid

outer covering of a virus made up of capsomere protein subunits, protects the viral genome

envelope

the outermost layer of many types of viruses, protects the genetic material when the virus is traveling between host cells

spike protein

a glycoprotein attached to an icosahedral capsid, used for viral attachment to the host cell

polymerase

an enzyme, synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids

replicase

a polymerase found in viruses, promotes the synthesis of RNA using a template RNA

reverse transcription

an enzyme, synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from a RNA template

integrase

an enzyme, allows the DNA of the virus to merge with the DNA of the host cell

protease

an enzyme, cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids

positive-sense RNA

a viral genome that directly codes for viral protein when the host ribosome attaches and translates the viral RNA

negative-sense RNA

a viral genome that cannot be translates by the host ribosome

restricted host range

a given virus recognizes and infects only one type of host cell

moderately restrictive host range

a given virus recognizes and infects different, but a few, types of host cells

broad host range

a given virus recognizing and infecting many types of host cells and also different host organisms

adsorption

attachment

retrovirus

a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades

endocytosis

viral attachment - viral engulfment - internalized virus in vesicle

fusion

irreversible attachment - membrane fusion - viral capsid entry

endocytosed viral particle

internalized virus in vesicle - vesicle, envelope, and capsid breaks down - free viral nucleic acid

fused viral particle

viral capsid entry - nucleocapsid entry - uncoating of nucleic acid

positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses

negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus

double-stranded RNA virus

double-stranded DNA

single-stranded DNA

retroviruses

cytopathic effects

structural changes in host cells that care caused by viral invasion

proto-oncogene

a healthy gene found in the cell that is responsible for making a protein involved in cell growth, division, and other processes

oncogene

a gene that has the potential to cause cancer

cell lysis

cells shrink, detach from the surface, rupture, and die

cell develops intracellular changes

inclusion bodies in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm

cell changes in shape and size

rounding and/or clumping of cells

cell fusion

fusion (syncytia) of adjacent cells forming a large cell with multiple nuclei

chronic latent state

results in multiple periodic reactivations of the virus followed by another period of inactivation

oncoviruses

the transformation of the healthy host cell into a cancer hell

bacteriophage

is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria

temperate phage

phages that infect bacteria and are able to integrate viral DNA into bacterial chromosomes and remain in the prophage stage for several bacterial generations

lysis

is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity

lysogenic state

is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium’s genome or the formation of a circular replicon in the bacterial cytoplasm