Intro to Linguistics Exam 1

Phonology

Study of the sound patterns of language

Phonetics

The study of the actual sounds of language

Sound Patterns of Language

1. Segmental - sounds

2. Suprasegmental - rhythm, intonation, stressing

Phoneme

A category of sounds that exist in the minds of native speakers, and has psychological validity

Phone

Otherwise known as a segment. The actual, recordable sound that a human being utters

Allophone

A phone that is part of a group of phones that make up one phoneme

m

voiced bilabial nasal

p

voiceless bilabial stop

b

voiced bilabial stop

f

voiceless labiodental fricative

v

voiced labiodental fricative

n

voiced alveolar nasal

t

voiceless alveolar stop

d

voiced alveolar stop

t̠ʃ

voiceless palatal affricate

d̠ʒ

voiced palatal affricate

s

voiceless alveolar fricative

z

voiced alveolar fricative

θ

voiceless interdental fricative

ð

voiced interdental fricative

ŋ

voiced velar nasal

k

voiceless velar stop

g

voiced velar stop

ʃ

voiceless palatal fricative

ʒ

voiced palatal fricative

h

voiceless glottal fricative

r

voiced alveolar retroflex (liquid)

l

voiced alveolar lateral (liquid)

j

voiced palatal glide

w

voiced bilabial glide

i

High front unrounded - ee as in beet

ɪ

Lower high front unrounded - ih as in bit

e

Mid front unrounded - aye as in bait

ε

Lower mid front unrounded - eh as in bet

æ

Low front unrounded - ah as in bat

^

Mid central unrounded - stressed uh

ə

Mid central unrounded - unstressed uh

a

Lower low central unrounded - ah as in father

u

High back rounded - ooh as in food

ʊ

Lower high back rounded - üh as in put

o

Mid back rounded - oh as in bow

aɪ

The I diphthong

aʊ

The ow (as in ouch) diphthong

Minimal pairs

Allophones of separate phonemes

Phonology problem steps

1. Look for minimal pairs

2. Analyze data & specific environments

3. “_ becomes _ because _ ; _ occurs elsewhere.”

Suprasegmentals

Stress, rhythm, intonation

Inflectional morphemes

-s, -‘s, -ed, -ing, -en/-ed, -er, -est