Organic Synthesis AQA

Alkane -> Halogenoalkane

Br2, Cl2, UV Light, free radical substitution

Alkene to Halogenoalkane

HBr, HCl room temp, electrophilic addition

Alkene to dihalogenoalkane

Br2, Cl2

Room temp

Electrophilic addition

alkene to alcohol

Steam, conc phosphoric acid catalyst, 300°C, 60atm

primary halogenoalkane to primary amine

Excess Conc NH3 dissolved in ethanol

Primary halogenoalkane to secondary amine

primary amine dissolved in ethanol

Primary Halogenoalkane to Primary Alcohol

NaOH, heat under reflux

Secondary Halogenoalkane to Secondary Alcohol

NaOH, Heat under reflux

Tertiary Halogenoalkane to Tertiary Alcohol

NaOH, heat under reflux

Primary,Secondary,Tertiary Halogenoalkane to Alkene

Conc NaOH

Ethanol

Heat under reflux

Primary halogenoalkane to nitrile

Ethanol KCN

alcohol to alkene (dehydration)

H3PO4 or H2SO4, 180°C

or

alcohol vapour over Al2O3 catalyst

Alcohol to halogenoalkane

Reagents: HX (prepared in situ from NaX and Conc. H2SO4)

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, distil

Secondary alcohol to ketone

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

NaBH4

Ketone to Secondary alcohol

NaBH4

Aldehyde/Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

KCN, H2SO4, 20C

Carboxylic acid to aldehyde

LiAlH4 in dry ether

carboxylic acid to primary alcohol

LiAlH4 in dry ether

Carboxylic acid to ester

Alcohol/conc H2SO4

Nitrile to Amine (Reduction)

LiAlH4 in dry ether

Carboxylic acid to ammonium salt

Ammonia Solution, room temperature

Carboxylic acid to sodium salt

Reagents: NaOH(aq) or Na2CO3

Conditions: Room temperature

Acid chloride to Carboxylic acid

H2O

Acid chloride to amide

ammonia/NH3

Acid Chloride to Ester

alcohol

Ester to carboxylic acid

Dilute H2So4, H20, or dilute NaOH (acid/base hydrolysis) heat under reflux

Ester to salt of carboxylic acid

Reagents: NaOH solution or any alkali

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Acid anhydride to carboxylic acid

H2O

acid anhydride to amide

NH3

acid anhydride to ester

alcohol

benzene to nitrobenzene

Conc HNO3, conc H2SO4, 50°C

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Tin, conc. HCl, reflux then NaOH

Benzene to phenylethanone

CH3COCl/AlCl3

Nitrile to Amine (hydrogenation)

Ni, H2, 200°C