LM8 (CH6-8) TEXT

What was the primary focus of software development in the early days of computing?

Software development focused mostly on programming.

Software development in the early days of computing focused mostly on programming.

TRUE

What types of teams are commonly used in modern software projects beyond just programming?

Multiple teams with specialized skills like system testing and database administration.

Multiple teams featuring specialized skills beyond just programming skills are used extensively in many software projects.

TRUE

What is the role of the project management team during personnel recruitment?

They hire, onboard, and assign personnel based on the project plan while managing training and reassignment as the project progresses.

The project management team must hire the needed people and assign them according to the software project plan.

TRUE

What does organizing software groups effectively require?

Understanding the functions and tasks each group performs based on the project plan.

Organizing software groups requires understanding the functions the groups will perform.

TRUE

What does the general organizational structure reflect in software development?

It reflects the major tasks a software development and service organization must perform.

The general organizational structure reflects the major tasks that a software development and service organization must perform.

TRUE

What is a general software development organization?

An implementation-independent structure covering all major activities from inception to release.

A general software development organization includes all major activities from inception to release.

TRUE

When might a project manager position not be needed?

Until the number of people on the project reaches a certain size.

The position of project manager might not be needed until the project reaches a certain size.

TRUE

What does a hierarchical organization structure look like?

It groups people into functional departments reporting directly within a vertical command line.

A hierarchical organization groups people into functional departments reporting directly within the vertical command line.

TRUE

What is a matrix organization?

An organization grouping people by function who may not report within a vertical command line.

A matrix organization groups people based on functions they perform, not necessarily within a vertical command line.

TRUE

What is one advantage of a matrix-type organization?

Less duplication and better focus on specialized skills.

A matrix-type organization has less duplication and better focus on specialized skills.

TRUE

What is a disadvantage of matrix organizations?

Less team loyalty toward any one project.

Matrix organizations may have less team loyalty toward any one project.

TRUE

What is a functional team concept?

Members from different departments temporarily join a project while still reporting to their departments.

The functional team concept temporarily joins members from different departments for a project.

TRUE

What defines a virtual organization?

Project personnel located apart who form a temporary functional team.

A virtual organization consists of project personnel located apart forming a temporary team.

TRUE

What are the two general software organizational structures?

The software development structure and the software support structure.

There are two general software organizational structures: the software development structure and the software support structure.

TRUE

What is software support and service?

Post-release activities such as clarifying user questions and fixing problems.

Software support and service involves post-release activities like clarifying user questions and fixing problems.

TRUE

What is Level 1 software support?

Customer call services where problems are reported via phone or online.

Level 1 support provides customer call services for reporting problems.

TRUE

What is Level 2 software support?

Analyzes problem reports and searches for solutions to avoid modifying software.

Level 2 support analyzes problem reports and searches for existing solutions.

TRUE

What is Level 3 software support?

Makes design, code, and documentation changes, tests them, and delivers updates to customers.

Level 3 support makes necessary design, code, and publication changes and delivers them to customers.

TRUE

What does ISO 9001 address?

Development, supply, installation, and maintenance of computer software.

ISO 9001 addresses the development, supply, installation, and maintenance of computer software.

TRUE

What is SPICE and what are its goals?

An initiative for software process assessment with goals to create standards, test them, and promote transfer to industry.

SPICE supports developing and testing international software process standards.

TRUE

What does CMMI build upon?

Best practices from CMM-SW, SECM, and IPD-CMM.

CMMI extends best practices from CMM-SW, SECM, and IPD-CMM.

TRUE

What are the four stages of process communication and education?

Introduction, Feedback and Modification, Acceptance, Reinforcement.

The four stages of process communication are Introduction, Feedback, Acceptance, and Reinforcement.

TRUE

What distinguishes a methodology from a process?

Process gives macro steps; methodology gives micro steps for each task.

A process provides macro steps, while a methodology provides micro steps.

TRUE

What is aspect-oriented programming (AOP)?

A methodology emphasizing cross-functional concerns like design constraints or behaviors.

Aspect-oriented programming emphasizes cross-functional concerns in design and implementation.

TRUE

What are key criteria to judge a methodology?

Task accomplishment, productivity improvement, reduced complexity, and enhanced quality.

A methodology should improve productivity, reduce complexity, and enhance quality.

TRUE

What is one main reason for using tools in software projects?

To reduce work effort and increase productivity and efficiency.

Tools are used to reduce work effort and increase productivity.

TRUE

What should tool selection criteria include?

Functions, productivity gains, user capacity, reliability, vendor support, training needs, and cost.

Tool selection criteria include functions, performance, reliability, vendor history, and cost.

TRUE

What is the Goal–Question–Metric (GQM) approach?

A model defining a goal, forming related questions, and developing metrics.

GQM defines goals, related questions, and metrics for measurement.

TRUE

What must be clear for goals and measurements?

That there is a way to determine whether a goal has been met.

Goals must be clear enough to determine if they’ve been met.

TRUE

Why must software projects include measurement costs?

Because measurement requires resources for tools, people, and procedures.

There is a cost to measurement, including tools, people, and procedures.

TRUE

Great — confirmed: Q&A and True/False only, with new integrated concept-group cards and no duplicates.

What factors influence the choice of software organizational structure?

Factors include project size, location, skill groups, financial resources, efficiency, management style, and corporate culture.

Structural differences mostly arise from size, location, skill groups, finance, efficiency, management, and corporate culture.

TRUE

What are the two main categories of software organizational structures?

The software development structure and the software support structure.

There are two general software organizational structures: development and support.

TRUE

What are the main levels of software support service?

Level 1 handles customer calls, Level 2 analyzes problems and seeks existing solutions, and Level 3 modifies and delivers updated software.

What are key steps in the recruiting process for software project staff?

Defining positions, interviewing in multiple stages, preparing facilities, and orienting new hires.

The recruiting process includes defining roles, interviewing, and preparing facilities before arrival.

TRUE

What are the main stages in process communication and education?

Stage 1: Introduction, Stage 2: Feedback and Modification, Stage 3: Acceptance, Stage 4: Reinforcement.

The four stages of process communication are Introduction, Feedback, Acceptance, and Reinforcement.

TRUE

What are the key international process standards used in software engineering?

ISO 9000, SPICE, and SEI’s Capability Maturity Models (CMM and CMMI).

Software managers often rely on ISO 9000, SPICE, and SEI’s CMM/CMMI models.

TRUE

What are common causes of measurement problems in software projects?

Lack of funding, unclear goals, team resistance, management misunderstanding, and lack of measurement resources.

Software projects often fail to set measurements due to lack of resources or resistance.

TRUE

What should a measurement operational plan include?

Steps to ensure detailed processes, resources, metrics, and validation goals are defined and implemented.

An operational plan defines how measurement schemes are implemented.

TRUE

What are benefits of involving the team in goal and measurement setting?

Team ownership, better understanding, increased commitment, and reduced fear of measurement.

Team participation in measurement increases understanding and commitment.

TRUE

What are recommended elements for winning team acceptance of goals and measurements?

Clear and attainable goals, team participation, belief in goals, and allocation of qualified resources.

Team acceptance improves when goals are clear, attainable, and well-resourced.

TRUE

What are typical cost components of a measurement program?

Costs include tools, personnel, maintenance, and procedures for measurement.

Measurement cost includes tools, people, and procedures.

TRUE

What are key considerations for tool selection in software projects?

Functionality, productivity gain, user capacity, reliability, vendor support, training effort, and financial terms.

Tool selection must consider performance, vendor reliability, training, and cost.

TRUE

What are the main objectives of SPICE?

Develop a standard for process assessment, conduct trials, and promote technology transfer.

What are common phases of methodology adoption in a project?

Introduction, feedback and modification, acceptance, and periodic reinforcement.

Methodology adoption follows the same four stages as process communication.

TRUE

What are the main advantages of a matrix organization over a hierarchical one?

Less duplication of effort and better focus on specialized skills.

Matrix organizations reduce duplication and emphasize specialization.

TRUE

What key activities are part of configuration management?

Defining, controlling, and tracking project artifacts and managing access rules and security.

Configuration management tracks and controls software artifacts throughout development.

TRUE

What are the key goals of configuration management?

Ensure consistency, control changes, and maintain artifact integrity across the project life cycle.

Configuration management ensures integrity and control of software artifacts.

TRUE

What is the purpose of defining exit criteria in software processes?

To control activity flow, validate completion, and support process management.

Exit criteria control workflow and confirm readiness for the next step.

TRUE

Why is analyzing the business case considered the first step in project initiation?

It clarifies justification, feasibility, and expected benefits before project execution.

Analyzing the business case is the first step of software project initiation.

TRUE

What is the significance of Barry Boehm’s observation about programming effort?

Only 15% of effort is programming; most effort is in reviews that catch 60% of errors.

Reviews catch 60% of errors while programming uses only 15% of total effort.

TRUE