APGov Required Supreme Court Cases Review

These flashcards cover key Supreme Court cases relevant to AP Government, focusing on their decisions, significance, and constitutional implications.

Marbury v. Madison

• Winner: Madison

• Provisions: Article III, Section 2

• Details: Established judicial review, ruling that the Supreme Court has the authority to declare legislation unconstitutional when it conflicts with the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland

• Winner: McCulloch (Federal Government)

• Provisions: Article I, Section 8 (Necessary and Proper Clause) and Article VI (Supremacy Clause)

• Details: Confirmed Congress's implied powers and reinforced that federal law is supreme over state law.

Schenck v. US

• Winner: United States

• Provisions: 1^{st} Amendment (Free Speech Clause)

• Details: Standard determining that limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms if the speech creates a clear and present danger to safety. The Supreme Court case that established the clear and present danger test for limiting free speech in times of war.

Brown v. Board of Education

• Winner: Brown

• Provisions: 14^{th} Amendment (Equal Protection Clause)

• Details: Ruled that racial segregation in public schools is inherently unequal and violates the Constitution.

Engel v. Vitale

• Winner: Engel (Parents)

• Provisions: 1^{st} Amendment (Establishment Clause)

• Details: Declared that state-sponsored, mandatory school prayer in public schools violates the prohibition against establishing a religion.

Baker v. Carr

• Winner: Baker

• Provisions: 14^{th} Amendment (Equal Protection Clause)

• Details: Established that federal courts have jurisdiction to hear cases regarding state legislative reapportionment under the "one person, one vote" principle.

Gideon v. Wainwright

• Winner: Gideon

• Provisions: 6^{th} Amendment (Right to Counsel) and 14^{th} Amendment (Due Process Clause)

• Details: Ruled that states must provide attorneys to defendants who cannot afford them in all criminal cases.

Tinker v. Des Moines

• Winner: Tinker (Students)

• Provisions: 1^{st} Amendment (Free Speech Clause)

• Details: Affirmed that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate" unless it causes substantial disruption.

New York Times v. US

• Winner: New York Times

• Provisions: 1^{st} Amendment (Freedom of the Press)

• Details: Reinforced the heavy presumption against prior restraint, allowing the publication of the Pentagon Papers despite government security concerns.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

• Winner: Yoder

• Provisions: 1^{st} Amendment (Free Exercise Clause)

• Details: Ruled that Amish parents' right to free exercise of religion outweighed the state's interest in compelling school attendance beyond the 8^{th} grade.

US v. Lopez

• Winner: Lopez

• Provisions: Article I, Section 8 (Commerce Clause)

• Details: Struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act, ruling that carrying a gun in a school zone is not an economic activity that affects interstate commerce.

Shaw v. Reno

• Winner: Shaw

• Provisions: 14^{th} Amendment (Equal Protection Clause)

• Details: Held that redistricting based solely on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny and that bizarrely shaped districts can be challenged as unconstitutional racial gerrymandering.

Citizens United v. FEC

• Winner: Citizens United

• Provisions: 1^{st} Amendment (Free Speech Clause)

• Details: Ruled that corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited, as it is a form of protected speech.

McDonald v. Chicago

• Winner: McDonald

• Provisions: 2^{nd} Amendment (Right to Bear Arms) and 14^{th} Amendment (Due Process Clause)

• Details: Incorporated the Second Amendment to the states, ruling that the right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable at the state level.

Mapp v. Ohio

• Winner: Mapp

• Provisions: 4^{th} Amendment (Exclusionary Rule) and 14^{th} Amendment (Due Process Clause)

• Details: Established that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in state courts.

Miranda v. Arizona

• Winner: Miranda

• Provisions: 5^{th} Amendment (Self-Incrimination Clause) and 6^{th} Amendment (Right to Counsel)

• Details: Required police to advise suspects of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney before custodial interrogation.