Human Body Systems Review

What is the function of the digestive system?

It breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules that can enter the bloodstream and cells through diffusion.

What is peristalsis?

Involuntary movement of food through the digestive system by muscles.

What are the two types of digestion?

Mechanical - using teeth to break down food

Chemical - using chemicals such as acids and enzymes

Where does the digestion of starch begin?

Mouth

What is the function of the villi?

They are the site of absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Inside them are capillaries that bring nutrients into the bloodstream.

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorb water

What is the function of the pancreas?

It supports digestion by producing enzymes that are delivered to the small intestine.

What is the path of food through the digestive system?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus

What is the function of the respiratory system?

It allows for the exchange of gases between the environment and the circulatory system.

What is the path of air through the respiratory system?

Nose/Mouth → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli

What are alveoli?

They are at the end of the respiratory system and are the site of gas exchange.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

It prevents food from entering the trachea.

What controls your breathing rate?

It is controlled by the brain. The brain measures oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the bloodstream.

What is the function of the circulatory system?

It carries oxygen and nutrients to cells so that cell respiration (ATP production) can occur. Waste products are also collected and brought to other organs to be removed from the body.

What are the two types of circulation found in the human body?

Systemic - between the heart and the rest of the body

Pulmonary - between the heart and the lungs

How many chambers does the human heart have?

4: 2 atria that receive blood, and 2 ventricles that pump blood.

What is the path of blood through the human heart?

Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium (oxygenated) → Left ventricle (oxygenated) → Body (oxygenated)

What are veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have thin walls and valves.

What are arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls to withstand pressure from the heart.

What are capillaries?

The thinnest of blood vessels which allows for diffusion of materials into and out of the bloodstream.

What is an antigen?

A protein molecule found on substances that can cause an immune response. This molecule can also cause an allergic response.

What is an antibody?

A protein molecule found in the blood that is produced to respond to antigens. They “fit” onto antigens to stop their spread.

What is a vaccine?

A substance introduced to the human body that can trigger an immune response and prepare the immune system for a larger attack. They do not usually make you sick because only a small part of the virus or bacteria is injected.

What is an immune response?

The interaction of immune cells that targets SPECIFIC antigens from viruses and bacteria.

What is an allergy?

Overactive immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen/substance.

What is a neurotransmitter?

Chemical messages released from one neuron and “fits” into receptors of the following neuron. They allow communication between neurons of the nervous system.

What is the pathway for a nerve impulse or a reflex?

Sensory neuron → Interneuron → Motor neuron

What is the endocrine system?

It is a series of glands that release hormones to control metabolism, growth, and the development of the body.

What is a hormone?

A chemical messenger, as part of the endocrine system, that provides SPECIFIC controls to organs of the body.

What is a tendon?

Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

What is a ligament?

Connective tissue that connects bones to bones.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

It provides structural support to our muscles and body to allow for movement/locomotion. The bones also make blood cells.