A sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, often linked with a desire for self-rule.
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Scientific Racism
The idea that humans can be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological classes based on race.
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Social Darwinism
An ideology applying Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, suggesting that Western industrial societies are more 'fit' because they are successful.
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Civilizing Mission
The belief that Western societies had a duty to bring their civilization and religion to 'lower civilizations'.
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Second Wave of Imperialism
The period from 1750 to 1900 marked by new ideologies influencing imperial expansion beyond earlier maritime empires.
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Enlightenment Ideas
Philosophical ideas emphasizing liberty and self-governance that influenced nationalistic movements.
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Phrenology
A pseudoscientific study that claimed to determine mental faculties and character traits by the shape of the skull.
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Imperialism
A policy or ideology where a country extends its power and dominance over other nations, often involving conquest or colonization.
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Hierarchy of Races
The flawed concept that ranks human groups based on perceived biological superiority.
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Industrial Revolution
A period of significant industrial growth that influenced economic practices and the ideologies driving imperialism.