Criminological Theory FInal

What are the 2 effects of the Women’s Movement on Feminist Criminology?

An increased number of women in criminology. Attention on social situation of women vis-à-vis men.

What is the Liberation Hypothesis?

Women's crime rates increased during the 1960s and 1970s because women gained increased economic and social independence from men.

What are Alder’s predictions of changes in gender changes in crime?

As women became liberated, they would gain access not only to new legitimate opportunities but also to new illegitimate opportunities

What is Hegemonic Masculinity

What are Miller’s three facts of violence against violence?

Exposure to public incidents of physical abuse against women. Young women’s complaints of widespread sexual harassment. Sexual assault and coercion.

What is the difference between racial disparity and racial invariance?

Racial disparity is the unequal distribution of outcome across racial groups. Racial invariance says the causes of crime are the same across all racial groups.

What is the difference between Structural theory and Cultural theory?

Structural theory links racial differences in crime with racial economic inequality. Cultural theory is an ethnographic study of codes of the street.

What is the New Jim Crow theory?

The criminal justice system is one of control, disenfranchisement, and legalized discrimination.

What are the 4 central observations of Alexander’s New Jim Crow theory?

An era of mass incarceration extended state control over Americans in diverse ways. Large racial disparities exist in criminal justice involvement. Exclusionary treatment of offenders, disproportionately Blacks, with no release from prison. The new Jim Crow has untoward consequences.

How do social impacts perceive and increase chance of offending?

Offending becomes expected in a community. A rite of passage.

What is the difference between Specific and general deterrence?

Specific deterrence says punishment reduces crime of people actually punished. General deterrence says this happens among the general population.

What are the 3 elements of Deterrence?

Punishments must be swift, certain, and severe.

What are three reasons deterrence does not work?

A lack of certainty about punishment. The slowness of punishment delivery. Perception that severity is not strong enough to deter.

What is Punishment avoidance and deterrence?

Punishment avoidance is actively trying to evade punishment after committing a crime. Punishment is meant to discourage people from committing crimes beforehand.

What are the differences in indirect and direct experiences with deterrence?

Direct experience is personally experiencing punishment for crime. Indirect experience is learning from others personal experiences.

What is reconceptualized specific and general deterrence?

It believes both general and specific deterrence impacts a person’s decisions. It also adds compatibility with contemporary learning theories.

What is bounded rationality?

Rationality constrained by limits of time, ability, and availability of relevant information.

What are the three tenets of rational choice theory?

People are rational. People act in their own self-interest. The invisible hand of the market guides decision-making.

What are the 4 crime models from Clarke and Cornish?

Initial involvement, Criminal event model, Continuing involvement model, Desistance model.

What is the three stage process of crime development according to Broken Windows Theory?

Disorderly people are allowed to take over public spaces. Decent people become fearful and change behavior. Disorder send message that no one cares about hoe people behave.

What are Wright and Decker’s facts about armed robbers?

Money is the main motivator. Most are poor, young, black males.

What is Tyler’s Procedural Justice Theory?

Suggests that citizens’ judgements of procedural justice enhance perceived legitimacy of legal authorities, leading to greater obedience to the law.

What is Police Legitimacy?

Legitimacy rooted in perceptions of procedural justice.

What are the 4 key elements about judgments of Procedural Justice?

Participation, Neutrality, Quality interpersonal treatment, Trustworthiness.

What is Environmental Criminology?

The focus on the opportunity to commit crime. Crime is stopped when opportunity or the offender are not present. Concerned with crime itself, not criminals.

What are the three elements of crime in routine activities theory?

Motivated offender, Suitable target, Lack of capable guardian.

What is Lifestyle Routine Activities Theory?

Combines lifestyle-exposure theory with RAT to examine individual victimization risk.

What is Crime Pattern Theory?

Crime occurs at the intersection of routine activities of both victims and offenders.

What are the factors that Structural Criminal Activities and Events?

Routine activities, frictions of crime and distance, directional bias, activity space and awareness space, social networks, urban structure, environmental backcloth, journey offender takes to crime, whether an offender is an insider or outsider to an area, offender’s crime template.

What are nodes?

Gathering places where many people congregate.

What are Paths?

The areas between nodes.

What are edges?

Places where notable differnces exist between two parts.

What is CPTED?

Crime Prevention Through Enviromental Design.

What are the 4 principles of Defensible Space Theory?

Territoriality, Natural surveillance, Image, Milieu

What is Place Management Theory?

Crime occurs when no one nearby is able to control the offender, protect the target, or regulate conduct at the place.

What are Handlers?

Control motivated offender (e.g. parents, teachers, neighbors)

What are Guardians?

Protect potential target from theft, attack, damage.

What are Managers?

Monitor and control behaviors at a place or location (e.g. owners and store managers).

What are the 4 levels of Place Management?

Personal, owners with the greatest degree of control. Assigned, tasked with regulating behavior. Diffuse, other employees working at a location. General are customers and bystanders.

What are the three main propositions of Biosocial Theories?

Biological and environmental factors influence development of traits conductive to crime. Traits conductive to crime influence social environments that increase likelihood of crime. Crime is most likely among those with traits conductive to crime and who are in aversive environments.

What are the Gluecks’ 3 factors with probable significance between delinquents and non-delinquents?

Physique, Tempermental traits/Emotional dynamics, Intellectual traits.

What are the Gluecks’ 3 behaviors reflecting significant traits?

School attainment, General misbehavior, Leisure time and companions

What is the difference in home conditions between non-delinquents and delinquents?

Emotional disturbance, intellectual disability, alcoholism, criminalism, moral climates.

What are the twin studies?

Comparing of identical twins and fraternal twins.

What are the adoption studies?

Look at separation early in life from biological families.

What are the 5 biological harms associated with crime?

Poor maternal habits during pregnancy, delivery complications during birth, exposure to toxic substances, poor diet, head injury

What are the 4 physiological factors that biological harms can impact?

Central nervous system, Autonomic nervous system, Frontal lobe, Left hemisphere of brain.

What are the 3 ways in which blunted ANS functioning leads to criminality?

Fearlessness, sensation-seeking, impaired emotional intelligence.

What traits and super-traits that lead to criminality?

Psychopathy, Low self-control, Verbal IQ, Negative emotionality, Low constraint.

What are the 3 ways in which developmental theories differ from traditional theories of crime?

Focus on life-course. Emphasize the importance of early childhood. Consider the interplay of individual and environmental factors.

What are the 3 categories of theories in developmental life course theories?

Continuity, behavior is continuous. Continuity or change, continuity or change dependent on pathway. Continuity and change, behavior is continuous but can change.

What is the difference between adolescent-limited offender and life course persistence offenders?

Adolescent-limited offenders grow out of crime.

What are the 4 significant turning points that help offenders desist?

Marriage, Work, School, Military service.

What are Cognitive shifts?

A change in mental thinking.

What are the 4 types of cognitive transformations?

Openness for change, ability to look favorably upon a specific hook for change, create a new conventional identity or replacement self, must come to see continued wayward conduct negatively.

What is the Feared Self?

When one identifies themselves as a person who commits crime and seek to change

What is Agnew’s General Theory of Crime?

Trait, strain, control, social learning, and labeling theories are related to one another and explain crime.

What is Cullen’s Social Support Theory?

A strong social support network can significantly reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior.