AP Human Geography: Unit 4 Vocab w/ Examples

Relic Boundary

Boundary that no longer exists, but there's evidence still on the landscape

Example: Berlin Wall & Great Wall of China

Militarized Boundary

Heavily guarded and discourage crossing and movement across

Example: DMZ (between North & South Korea)

Geometric Boundary

Straight line boundaries (sometimes along a parallel or meridian)

Example: Libya and Egypt (Aozou Strip)

Allocational Boundary

Boundary to separate natural resources

Example: Iraq & Kuwait border

Cultural Boundary

Boundary based on human traits (ethnicity, culture, religion, language, etc.)

Example: India & Pakistan border (based on religion)

Definitional Boundary

When two or more parties disagree how to interpret the legal documents/maps to identify the boundary

Example: Chile & Argentina border (dispute over mountains)

Demarcated Boundary

Boundary identified by physical objects places on the landscape

Example: Signs, fences, Rivers, walls, or borders

Delimited Boundary

Line drawn on a map to show limits of a space

Example: Boudaries on a map

Locational Boundary

Argued where the boundary SHOULD be set

Example: Post WW2 Germany border

Superimposed Boundary

Lines made for political reasons with no regard for cultural boundaries

Example: Sub-Saharan Africa after Berlin Conference

Open Boundary

No passports or checkpoints, just walk through

Example: EU-Schengen Agreement

Operational Boundary

Border agreed on, how border is operated is the problem

Example: EU w/ Syrian refugees

Defined Boundary

Boundary established by a legal document (treaty that divides) (invisible on landscape)

Example: EU borders

Antecedent Boundary

Boundary drawn before a large population was present

Example: U.S. - Canada border (49th parallel)

Irredenta

Territory historically or ethnically related to one political unit, but under control of another

Example: U.S. (historically & ethnically Native American's)

Shatterbelt

Region caught between stronger "rival" country's conflicts

Example: Kashmir region or Israel

Enclave

Portion of territory within a larger terriotory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct

Example: Vatican City

Frontier

Zone separating two states where neither state has political control

Example: Between U.S. & Canada

Heartland Theory

Theory that land-based power in essential for global dominance. Also more resources (less variety, more specific resources)

Example: USSR trying to get the heartland (Eastern Europe)

Satellite State

Country that is known to be independent, but under heavy political, economic, and military influence/control of another country

Example: Belarus

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Example: U.S. w/ anthem & flag

Genocide

Mass killing of a group of people in attempt to eliminate an entire group from existence

Example: Holocaust or Rwanda

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

Example: European colonies

Reapportionment

Changing the number of representatives for each state(U.S. state) to reflect the state's population

Example: Redistricting

Annexation (version of)

Taking territory from weaker states

Example: Nazis taking over weaker states

Irredentism

Movement to unite people who share language or culture but are divided by a national boundary

Example: Nazi Germany claims Sudetenland

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

Example: Leader leading their own country

Ethnic Cleansing

Process where a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one to create an ethnically homogenous region

Example: Serbs in Yugoslavia

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power

Example: Ohio's 6th district

Balkanization

Process where a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Example: Yugoslavia breakup

Autonomous Region

Area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from the parent state

Example: Catalonia, Spain

Neocolonialism

Control over developing countries through indirect means (trans/multinational companies)

Example: Company puts factory in LDC because of less laws & cheap labor

Decolonization

Colonies gaining independence

Example: European colonies in Africa

Charter Group

Concept that multiethnic societies merge cultural traits of member groups

Example: U.S. "melting pot"

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits because of common hereditary and cultural traditions

Example: Polish or German

Sharecropper

Works fields rented from landowner and pays rent, repays loans with some of crops

Example: African-Americans after slavery ended

Centripetal Force

Attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Example: One language

Blockbusting

Process where real estate agents convince white property owners to sell houses for fear that a person of color will make into the neighborhood

Example: Detroit

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

Example: Laws in South Africa

Triangular Slave Trade

Practiced primarily during 18th century where Europeans brought slaves to Caribbean, molasses from there to Europe, and trade goods from there to Africa

Example: Triangular pattern

Racism

Belief that race determines human traits and capacities and that racial differences make one race more superior than another

Example: White is considered more superior than others by white people

Race

Identify with a group of people who share a biological ancestor (passed down genetically from parents)

Example: White or black

Nationality

Identify with a group of people that share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place (usually born there)

Example: American

Landlocked State

A state that doesn't have a direct outlet to sea

Example: Chad

Multiethnic State

A state that contains more than one ethnicity

Example: Belgium

Anocracy

Country that's a mix of a democracy and autocracy

Example: Cambodia

Democracy

Country where citizens elect leaders and can run for office

Example: U.S.

Autocracy

Country that's run according to interests of the ruler, not the people

Example: Iraq

Self-Determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Example: Quebec

Ethnonationalism

Desire of an ethic community to have absolute authority over their own political, economic, and social affairs


Example: Kurds

Ethnic Neighborhood

Area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

Example: China Town

City-State

Sovereign state comprising a city and immediately surrounding countryside

Example: Vatican City

Boundary

An invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory

Example: U.S. and Canada border

Terrorism

Systematic use of violence by a group to intimidate a population or coerce government into granting demands

Example: 9/11

Balance of Power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries

Example: USSR & U.S. in WW2

Unitary State

Internal organization of a state that places the most power in the hands of central government officials

Example: China

State

Area organized into a political unit and ruled by established government that has control over internal and foreign affairs

Example: Brazil

Prorupted State

An otherwise compact state with large projecting extension

Example: Thailand

Nation-State

State whose terriotory corresponds to particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Example: Iceland (94% Icelanders)

Multinational State

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

Example: Switzerland

Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another one

Example: Italy

Fragmented State

State that has several discontinuous pieces of territory

Example: Indonesia

Federal State

Internal organization of a state that gives most power to local government

Example: Belgium

Elongated State

State with a long & narrow shape

Example: Norway

Compact State

State where distance from center to any boundary is fairly the same

Example: Poland

Colony

Terriotory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent

Example: U.S. 13 colonies

Organic Theory

States are like organisms, they need to grow of they will die

Example: U.S. west expansion

International Law of the Sea

foreign countries could not have military or other ships travel within 12 miles of the coast of any other countries and counties have exclusive economic zones(countries have right to explore for resources up to 200 miles of their shores)

acculturation

generational transfer of language and traditions