Lecture 19

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What is the term for the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates?

Reservoirs

What is the term for an individual/object from which and infection is acquired?

Source

What are the 3 types of Reservoirs?

Carriers, Vectors, Nonliving

What are the 5 types of carriers?

Asymptomatic, Incubating, Convalescent, Chronic, Passive

What type of carrier is described as infected with no symptoms?

Asymptomatic

What type of carrier is described as infected, microbes multiplying, but with no signs or symptoms so far?

Incubating

What type of carrier is described as a recovering patient?

Convalescent

What type of carrier is described as an individual(s) with recurring episodes?

Chronic

What type of carrier is described with the pathogen not in the body, but carrying something that can be transferred?

Passive

What is the term for anything involved in the transmission of an infectious agent from one host to another?

Vectors

What type of vector participates in the pathogen's life cycle & is infected with the pathogen?

• Transmit by

  • Bites - ex. Mosquito

  • Defecation (fecal matter) - ex. Flea

  • Regurgitate (vomit) - ex. Tsetse fly

Biological

What type of vector is not part of a pathogen's life cycle hence not infected by the pathogen?

• Transporters

  • Ex: housefly, cockroach (ew)

Mechanical

What is the term for infections caused by vectors and animal reservoirs spreading their own infections to humans?

Zoonotic Infections

What are the 2 types of nonliving reservoirs?

• Transmit bacteria, protozoa, helminths, fungi

• Transmit resistant stage: spores (endo/fungal) & cysts

• Transmit developmental stage: ova & larvae

Soil, Water

What is the term for a type of disease that an infected host transmits to another host & the receiving host must become infected?

Communicable (Disease)

When a disease is said to be highly communicable, it is considered to be what?

contagious

What is the term for a type of disease that the host acquires either from self (immune compromised individual) - microbiota OR from a nonliving reservoir (ex: soil, food)?

Non-communicable

What pattern of transmission describes a disease that spreads through a population from one infected person to another?

• ex: kissing, sneezing, touching

Horizontal

What pattern of transmission describes a disease that is transmitted from parent to offspring?

• ex: placenta, milk

Vertical

What pattern of transmission describes the portal of exit meeting the portal of entry?

• ex: kissing, droplets

Direct

What pattern of transmission describes an intermediate conveyer/vehicle of transmission transferring the disease?

• ex: fomite

Indirect

What is the term for inanimate objects that are a source of a disease?

Fomite

What is the term for infections that are acquired or developed from a hospital stay, aka Healthcare-Associated Infections (HIAs)?

Nosocomial Infections

[Fill in the Blank]

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) = Nosocomial Infections

• (BLANK) tract infections

  • Pneumonia

• (BLANK) tract infections (UTIs)

  • Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)

• (BLANK) incisions

  • Surgical site infections (SSIs)

• MRSA and C. diff

Respiratory, Urinary, Surgical

What procedure in the standard guidelines help to reduce nosocomial infections?

medical asepsis

What is the term for the standard guidelines for handling patients and body substances?

Universal Precautions (UPs)

[True or False]

We do not assume that all patient specimens could be source of infectious agent, so all specimens are not treated with same degree of care.

False

[Choose]

The following help to (increase/lower) nosocomial infections

• Barrier precautions (gloves, masks)

• Immediate disposal of needles, scalpels, or sharp devices in puncture-proof containers

• Proper degermation of hands and other skin surfaces exposed to contaminated fluids

• Barriers in mouth-to-mouth resuscitations

• Proper protection of personnel with health conditions

lower

What is the term for the study of disease/adverse occurrences in a given population?

Epidemiology

In Epidemiology, what is the term for the total # of cases in a given population?

Prevalence

In Epidemiology, what is the term for the # of new cases over a certain time period in a given population?

Incidence

In Epidemiology, what is the term for the # of deaths/population?

Mortality Rate

In Epidemiology, what is the term for the # of people afflicted?

Morbidity Rate

In Epidemiology, what is the term for the patterns of locations of which a disease appears?

Distribution

What is the term for the pattern (distribution) of a disease when outbreaks only occur in a certain geographic region?

Endemic

What is the term for the pattern (distribution) of a disease when outbreaks occur throughout a population?

Epidemic

What is the term for the pattern (distribution) of a disease with outbreaks that don’t happen all the time?

Sporadic

What is the term for the pattern (distribution) of a disease with outbreaks that occur across the oceans?

Pandemic

[Descriptor of an Infectious Disease]

# of people who die of the disease divided by number of people infected.

Deadliness

[Descriptor of an Infectious Disease]

What is the term for the # of susceptible people, on avg, infected by the sick person?

Communicability

What is the term for studying the causative agent of a disease?

Etiology

[Fill in the Blanks]

Steps of Koch's Postulates (Robert Koch)

1. (BLANK) evidence of microbe in all disease cases

2. (BLANK) microbe from infected subject and culture it

3. (BLANK) healthy subject with microbe and observe diseases in subject

4. (BLANK) agent from subject

Find, Isolate, Inoculate, Re-isolate

What are the problems with Koch’s Postulates?

not all microbes can be cultured/isolated in a culture & unethical (to inoculate healthy individuals with disease agent)

[answer is “done”]

Multipart Essay Question

A) Explain what it means to be a carrier of an infectious disease

B) Describe four ways that humans can be carriers

C) What is epidemiologically and medically important about carriers in the population

done