AP Hug Unit 2 Vocab

Flashcards for AP Human Geography Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland.

Population density

A measurement of the number of people per unit of land.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support without detrimental effects.

Population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Dependency ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.

Demographic equation

The formula that calculates population change, considers crude birth rate, crude death rate, and migration.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, excluding migration.

Population-doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A model of demographic change based on Europe's population in the 18th-20th centuries. It describes a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Epidemiological transition theory

Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model.

Malthusian theory

The idea that population increases at a geometric rate, while food production increases at only an arithmetic rate.

Pronatalist

Government policies that encourage child birth such as tax breaks and flexible work hours.

Anti-natalist

Government policies that discourage fertility, such as China's one-child policy.

Contraception

Methods used to prevent pregnancy.

Ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of generalizations about migration.

Migration

A permanent move to a new location.

Push factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Forced migration

Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution.

Internally displaced persons

People who have been displaced within their own countries.

Asylum seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

Voluntary migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Transnational migration

Migration across national boundaries.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Internal migration

Permanent movement within the same country.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city.