Anthropology Chapter One

Cultural, Linguistics, Archaeology, Biological

Four subcategories of anthropology

Carolus Linnaeous

Binomial Nomenclature and Taxonomy

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Documents fossil record in Paris Bason

Charles Darwin

“Descent with Modification”

Microevolution

Change within a species over time

Macroevolution

Changes above the species level, or in the patterning over time

Lamarchianism

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Conditions for Natural Selection, and eventually adaption

Variation, Heritable, Competition with Selective Pressure, Differential Reproductive Success

Directional Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Disruptive Selection

Particulate Inheritance

The idea that heredity is based on the transmission of alleles

Structural Genes

Encode for protein synthesis

Regulatory Genes

Guide expression of structural genes

Mendel Postulate 1.

Hereditary characteristic is controlled by existed by particulate unit factors that exist in pairs. What is their name?

Mendel Postulate 2.

An individual has 2 different unit factors responsible for a characteristic, and only one is expressed and said to be dominant to other. Is this always true?

Mendel Postulate 3. (Mendel’s Law of Segregation)

During fertilization, the pair units seperate so that each cell may recieve a unit factor with an equal liklihood

Mendel Postulate #4 (Mendel’s Law of Independent Asssortment)

Genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into gametes independently of each other. What if they’re on the same chromosome, what is this called?

Point Mutation

A single base change

Insertion

Insertion of nucleotide base pair

Deletion

Deletion of nucleotide base-pair

Quantitative Variation

Phenotypic variation that is distributed across some scale

Qualitative Variation

Phenotypic traits that can be easily grouped into distinct categories

Polygenic Traits

Traits determined by 2+ genes

Pleiotropy

Single gene having multiple phenotypic effects

Heritability Equation (explain it)

H=(Genetic Variability)/ (Genetic Variability + Enviornmental Variability )

Evolution is occuring if

there are changes to the allele frequencies over time

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

q²+2pq+p² = 1.0

p+q=1.0

The hardy weinberge equilibrium will be altered when

there is mutation, there is gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, and individuals do not differential reproductive success

Mutation

Change in organism’s genome

Gene Flow

The movement of alleles from one population to another, i.e. migration

Genetic Drift

Change in allele frequency due to random chance, what population size is this more likely to happen in?

Found Effect

An isolated population caries only genetic variation from a few amount of ancestors

Sexual selection

Differential Reproductive sucess

Sexual Dimorphism

Difference in traits between sexes as a result of sexual selection

Reproductive Potential

Possible output of offspring by one sex

Systemics

Study of taxonomy

Convergent Evolution

More or less parallel evolution. No shared common ancestor. Two similar features that evolved independently in seperate organisms

Cladistics

Classifying species on the basis of ancestral/derived traits → to distinguish lineages

Biological Species Concept

Species are defined as two populations that cannot interbreed with each other

Evolutionary Species Concept

Defines species as lineages with unique ancestral lineage

Ecological Species Concept

Defines species on ecological niche

Recognition Species Concept

Species are defined on unique traits or behaviors that allow mating to materialize (Pheremones, bird song, plumage, ect.)

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

A factor preventing two species from hybridizing

Anagenesis

evolution of trait into another

Cladogenesis

Evolution over time into two new species

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation due to geographic seperation

Parapatric Speciation

Gene flow occurs, but 2 sepearate populations are created in adjacent areas because of some niche

Sympatric Speciation

Population in the same area, but some force of evolution still causes two new species to be produce (think disruptive evolution)

Gradualism

Fossil record indication evolution happens in a steady rate over time

Punctuated Equilibrium

Major phenotypic change over short periods of time

Adaptationism

The believe that all aspects of organism have been molded by natural selection

Reductionism

The theory that an organism is the sum of of many evolved parts

Kin Selection

rb>c what does each variable mean?

Systematics

The science of diversity

Phylogeny

Pattern of evolutionary relationships between species

Clades

A chunck of some phylogenetic tree

Synapomorphy

Shared, derived character inherited from a least common ancestor

Homology

Character shared by taxa that is inherited

Homoplasy

A shared character that is not inherited from a common ancestor

Symplesiomorphy

A “primitive” characteristic inherited from a distant common ancestor

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed under volcanic pressure

Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed under pressure of weight

Metamorphic Rocks

Rocks formed under the pressure without melting/transformation of other rocks

Paraphyletic Group

A group that does not include an LCA, but resembles each other

George Gaylord Simpson

Evolutionary Species Concept: Speciies is an unbroken lineage of populations linked by ancestory and descent

Kingdom

Animalia/Metazoa

Phylum

Chordata

Sub phylum

Vertebrata

Class

Mamamillia

Order

Primates

Suborder

Haplorhini

Superfamily

Hominidea

family

hominidae

tribe

hominini

genus

homo

species

sapiens

Era

Cenozoic P

Period

Quatenary, Tertiary(Paleogene, Neogene)

Epoch

Halocene, Pleistocene, Piocene, Miocene, oligiocene, eocene, paleocene

Lithostratigraphy

Study of geologic deposits and their formation

Biostrigraphy

Correlations based on ages of other organisms

Tephrostratiagraphy

Identifying volcanic ash by fingerprint

Radiometric dating

Use of radioactive decay to estimate age

Lacustrine/Fluvial Sediments

Sediments from lake shores

Cave Deposits 

Sinkholes (How are these good for fossils? )

Stratiagraphy

Relative dating techniques → tells us age of fossils

Absolute Dating Methods

Carbon Dating (Explain Process), K/Ar Dating (volcanic rock, explain)

Oxygen isotopes

Explain Process and relation to climate change 

Antitilopini, Alcelaphini

Open Dry Habitats

Tragelaphini, Apeyceretoni

Closed, Dry habitats

Reducini, Bovini

Closed, Wet, Habitats

Caborn 13 Paleoecology Paleoecology

explain

Mendel’s Assumptions

1. Each trait controlled by a single gene

2. Genotype does NOT equal phenotype

3. Inheritance is particulate (Mendel’s Law of Segregation)

4. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment (Multiple allele types for genes)

Name experiments in which scientists discovered mechanisms of inheritance

Sperm Cells by Leeuvonhoek

Mammalian egg cells by von Baer

Contents of nucleus discovered to be high in phosphorus by Miescher

“Nuclein”

DNA

Rosalind Franklin

Took photograph 51, the closer the spots, the larger the distance → Informed double helix

X-Ray Crystal Diffraction

Molecule Gets stretched out and molecule gets shot down it

James Watson + Francis Crick

Proposed structure of DNA

Credited for the biological Species Concept

Ernst Mayr