HIS 109 final

what was the second new deal?

more radical programs, laster 1935-1937. the emphasis of this new deal was economic security. it created the REA, WPA, SSA, NLRA. created cultural projects as well.

eleanor roosevelt

the first politically active first lady, more liberal and progressive than FDR

what were critiques of the new deal on the left?

programs didn’t do enough, had forgotten the ordinary american.

what were critiques of the new deal on the right?

government has become too big and too controlling.

what was the outcome of FDR’s attempted court packing?

it didn’t work

what did people of color gain from the new deal?

nothing, FDR didn’t push for civil rights legislation. no federal law outlawed lynching and black workers were often paid less

what happened to the new deal in the late 1930s?

it lost steam, there was a recession in 1937-1939. FDR ordered cutbacks in government spending, and the rise of fascism left a lot of people concerned.

1930s fascism

financial crisis across the world. many european countries embraced fascism; germany (adolf hitler), italy (benito mussolini), and spain (francisco franco)

with growing tension in europe, americans insisted on what?

neutrality. the neutrality acts, passed in 1935, 1936, and 1939, forbade the US from getting into the war. no loans for france and britain were an example of US isolationism

what is the lend lease program?

combatted appeasement. in january 1941, replaced the cash and carry program with the idea that britain could borrow military equipment

what were the four freedoms?

roosevelt’s attempts to rally the nation. freedom to worship, freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom of speech

what office handled all the rationing?

the OPA (office of price administration)

what were the women’s auxiliaries?

WAACS (women’s auxiliary army corps (army)), WAVES (women accepted for voluntary emergency service (navy)), SPARS (semper peratus - always ready (coast guard))

what happened at the potsdam conference?

the future of germany was decided, US, USSR, and GB represented. the three main agreements were the disarmament of germany, de-nazification of germany, dissection of germany.

what invention helped the civil rights movement achieve such high levels of success?

television

was the montgomery bus boycott the beginning of the civil rights movement?

no. it was well planned, but another event preceded it

the civil right’s movement focused on cases such as?

emmett till

what were the important civil rights organizations?

SCLC (southern christian leadership conference led by MLK), SNCC (student nonviolence coordinating committee), CORE (congress of racial equality), and NAACP (national association for the advancement of colored people led by W.E.B DuBois)

philosophy of suffering

violence breeds more violence, only non-violence can overcome violence, sacrifice is necessary, embrace suffering

what was the appeal to the CRM?

fill the jails with people willing to suffer

what were SNCC’s rules of conduct?

don’t strike back, be courteous and friendly, report all serious incidents, remember the nonviolence

when were the freedom rides?

spring and summer of 1961, led by CORE and SNCC

why birmingham AL?

it was the most segregated city in america

what was the Marshall Plan?

used by the U.S. to provide aid to war torn Europe. provided over 13 billion

what was JFK’s first action after becoming president?

Bay of Pigs; retake Cuba from the communists

what movement in america aimed to end segregation and provide equal opportunities for african americans and other minorities?

the civil rights movement

herbert hoover

president at the start of the great depression. a republican, he was criticized for his response to the depression and was replaced by a democrat

FDR

the longest serving president, he responded to the great depression with a plan called the New Deal

first new deal

a plan to treat the depression forwarded by FDR. the plan involved expanding the federal government to employ the unemployed and regulate industry

harry truman

replaced FDR at the end of WW2. under his presidency, he dropped the nuclear bomb, and the cold war began

truman doctrine

stated that the US would do whatever it could to intervene financially and militarily to stop communism around the world

double V campaign

african americans pledged to fight not only for victory over hitler in europe, but also against racism at home

brown v. board of education (1954)

supreme court decision that ended segregation in public schools. this decision overturned the plessy v. ferguson decision in 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation

NAACP (national association for the advancement of colored people)

civil rights organization made up of lawyers and professionals. their strategy was a legal one. they were responsible for brown v. board of education. founded in 1909

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP’s lead attorney, and later supreme court justice

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

led by the montgomery improvement association after rosa parks’ arrest. propelled MLK to national fame. after 11 months, the supreme court ruled that segregation of public transport was illegal

emmett till

14 year old boy lynched in mississippi in 1955. he was raised in chicago. his mom made his case a cause by making his chicago funeral open casket

little rock desegregation crisis (1957)

governor orval faubus of arkansas refused to allow school segregation. president eisenhower responded by nationalizing the national guard and sending them to escort the “little rock nine” to desegregate little rock central high school

march on washington (1963)

the high point of the civil rights movement, this political rally was organized by bayard rustin, officially led by A. Phillip Randolph, and saw MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech

bayard rustin

civil rights activist who was discriminated against for his sexuality and former communist ties. he helped organize the march on washington but had to do so behind closed doors

LBJ

president after JFK’s assassination. he signed the civil rights act in 1964 and the voting rights act in 1965. part of his presidency was the “great society” and the “war on poverty”

Malcolm X

a member of the nation of islam - was a civil rights activist who challenged the ideas of nonviolence forwarded by MLK and the main civil rights organizations

gulf of tonkin resolution

passed during the LBJ administration in 1964 to increase american involvement in the vietnam war

MLK Assassination

in 1968, MLK jr. was assassinated in memphis. he was in the middle of starting a “poor people’s campaign” and supporting unionized workers. he had also become a vocal opponent of the vietnam war. in the same year, presidential candidate RFK was assassinated

operation rolling thunder

LBJ’s massive bombing campaign during the vietnam war

1968 election

republican richard nixon won after LBJ stepped down from reelection. the chaotic democratic primary involved RFK, eugene mccarthy, and hubert humphrey. RFK was assassinated, humphrey won - then he got blown out.

chicago democratic convention (1968)

part of the 1968 election, massive protests broke out at the chicago democratic convention where the party tried to choose between RFK, mccarthey, and humphrey to run for president

richard nixon

elected president in 1968. part of a conservative turn. he was known for his diplomatic efforts with china and resigning after the watergate scandal

kent state shooting

in 1970, four were killed in Ohio by the national guard during an anti war demonstration. another shooting at jackson state killed one that same year

watergate scandal

in 1972, nixon was under fire for ordering burglars to break into the democratic party HQ at the watergate hotel. he resigned rather than be impeached

JIMMY CARTER

elected president in 1976, he believed in the moral good of the american people. his presidency faced massive economic conditions (stagflation) and high oil prices. under his presidency, he negotiated a treaty between egypt and israel and had to deal with the iran hostage crisis. once reported a UFO sighting

ronald reagan

elected president over carter. believed in trickle down/reaganomics. cut taxes and reduced the size of the government. attempted to overthrow communist government in nicaragua

george H.W. Bush

elected in the 1988 election over democrat michael dukakis. ran his campaign on a promise not to raise taxes. under his presidency, the US invaded panama, and in the gulf war, stopped iraq from invading kuwait. during his presidency, the soviet union fell, ending the cold war

los angeles riots (1992)

massive riots sparked by the acquittal of police who beat rodney king in LA

bill clinton

Won the 1992 election against Bush and independent Ross Perot. Had a policy of "triangulation," which meant he stuck to the center of the political spectrum and conceded to many Republican policies.

anita hall

Famous for testifying against Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, accusing him of sexual harassment.