Studied by 2 peoplecranial superior
towards head
caudal/inferior
towards feet
ventral
towards belly/front
dorsal
towards back
medial
towards midline of body
lateral
towards side of body
proximal
closer to a specific point
distal
further away from a specific point
thoracic
chest region
abdominal
abdomen region
pelvic region
area where urinary and reproductive structures end
what is the anatomical term for "towards the belly or abdomen?
humans: anterior/ventral animals:ventral
the lung has multiple lobes (sections). which lung below is closer to the head?
cranial lobe
T or F: using the glomerulus as a point of reference, the proximal tubule is further away from the glomerulus compared to other components of the kidney nephron
false
nares
location: nostrils function: sense chemicals in the air
vibrissae
location: whiskers function: (tactile sensation) sense movement in air and physical contact
ear
function: hearing
forelimb
location: front legs closer to head function: locomotion
hindlimb
location: back legs closer to rail function: locomotion
anus
location: hole at the beginning of the tail function: indigestible material is eliminated from the body
urethral orifice
location: in males, at penis in females, top hole in pelvic area function: where urine exits, in males semen exits from this too
tail
function: temperature regulation (area where heat can be lost), balance
penis
location: mostly hidden beneath skin and fur but see urethral orifice function: opening of urethra from which excretory products (urine and semen) exit body
scrotal sac
location: bulbous sac below penis function: house testes
mammary papillae
location: nipples along abdomen of females, cranial set closer to head and caudal set closer to tail function: external openings of mammary glands where milk exits
vaginal orifice
location: second hole in between urethral orifice and anus function: depression right below urethral orifice, entrance to vagina
what is the function of nares?
sense chemicals in air
what are two differences between the urethral orifice and the vaginal orifice?
-urethral orifice is where urine comes out of (sperm as well in males) whereas the vaginal orifice is the opening into the vagina in females -urethral orifice is found in both males and females whereas the vaginal orifice is only found in females
which is more cranial, the forelimbs or hindlimbs?
forelimbs
masseter muscle
location: cheeks function: large cheek muscles on either side of face; main muscle for chewing
tongue
function: muscle suitable for properly chewing and swallowing food, tasting; also important for speech
palate
location: top of mouth extending from the front to the back of the oral cavity function: seperate oral cavity from nasal cavity
esophagus
location: long tube along trachea in between oral cavity and stomach function: transports fluid and foods into stomach
stomach
location: muscular j-shaped structure function: stores food and begins protein digestion
small intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum)
location: starting from stomach, long narrow tube in the abdomen; found usually towards the left part of the abdomen function: of duodenum- complete digestion of food into monomers of jejunum and ileum- absorb monomers and water
liver
location: large brown/red structure at the top of the abdomen function: produce bile salts and determines distribution of nutrients
gall bladder
location: underneath liver; attached to liver sometimes function: stores bile salts
pancreas
location: feather-like structure underneath the stomach function: produces bicarbonate to reduce acidity of acid chyme and produces enzymes (lipases, nucleases, proteases) to digest nutrients
mesentary
location: clear tissue connecting intestines when spread out function: a fold of the peritoneum which attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen
what are the three tissue layers that make up the duodenum and how each layer functions to enable the duodenum to perform its overall functions?
epithelium-secretion of enzymes smooth muscle-peristalsis connective tissue-connects epithelium to muscle tissue
why does it make sense that the stomach, gall bladder, and pancreas all empty into the duodenum
duodenum is where all nutrients are broken down to their monomer form. stomach, gall bladder, and pancreas produce products to aid in this. stomach produces acid chyme that begins the breakdown of proteins so it can be further broken down in the duodenum. the gall bladder provides bile salts that are involved in breaking down fats. pancreas produces enzymes used in the duodenum to breakdown nutrients into monomers. it also produces bicarbonate to reduce the acidity of the acid chyme coming in from the stomach.
what are the two main functions of the stomach?
store food and begin chemical digestion of proteins
trachea
location: long clear tube with ridges function: part of conduction system; connects pharynx to bronchi
bronchi
location: 2 branches off of trachea into left and right lungs function: part of conduction system connecting trachea to bronchioles
lungs -left lung -right cranial lobe -right medial lobe -right caudal lobe -right accessory lobe
location: behind and around heart, right cranial is close to head, right medial is in the middle, right caudal is on the bottom and the right accessory lobe is below the heart function: contains bronchioles (conduction system) and alveoli (gas exchange-O2 into blood and CO2 from blood)
diaphragm
location: thin muscle strip between chest cavity and liver; likely cut when opening up chest cavity function: allows for inhalation and exhalation, contraction is inhalation and relaxation is exhalation
T or F when the diaphragm contracts you exhale
false
right/left atria
location: right- small right upper chamber left- small left upper chamber function: receive blood, right-from body and left- from lungs
right/left ventricles
location: lower large chamber; part of it is right ventricle and part is left (hard to distinguish) function: expels blood from heart, right- to lungs and the left to the body
arterial system vessels -aortic arch -descending aorta -brachiocephalic artery -carotid arteries
location: red vessels -curved part of aorta -vertical section of aorta -1st branch (right) off of aortic arch -goes up along trachea on left and right sides function: carries blood away from -aortic arch carries all blood away from heart to rest of the body -brachiocephalic artery supplies blood to head and neck and right side -carotid arteries supplies blood to brain, neck and face
venous system vessels -cranial vena cava -inferior vena cava
location: blue vessels -coming in from the top of the heart -coming in from bottom of heart function: returns blood to heart from -head and neck -lower part of the body
atria/auricles (left and right) -right: small right upper chamber -left: small left upper chamber
location: -right: small right upper chamber -left: small left upper chamber function: recieve blood -right from body -left to body
ventricles (left and right)
location: lower large chambers; separated by inter ventricular septum and groove/sulcus left side has thicker cardiac muscle than right side function: expels blood from heart -right: to lungs -left: to body
aorta
location: large vessel, lower vessel on top of the heart (opens to the side or top depending on how it was cut out) function: carries all blood from heart (left ventricle) to the rest of the body
pulmonary trunk/artery
location: smaller vessel above the aorta function: carries blood from heart (right ventricle) to lungs
interventricular sulcus/groove (outside)
location: diagonal line found on ventral surface of heart function: separates left and right ventricles
interventricular septum (inside)
location: thick cardiac muscle tissue in between left and right side of heart function: separates left and right ventricles
atrioventricular valves -tricuspid valve (right AV valve) -bicuspid (mitral/left AV valve)
location: in between atrium and ventricle on left and right sides of heart -3 leaflet valve -2 leaflet valve function: prevents backflow of blood from ventricle back into atrium
semilunar valve
location: can find through the aorta and through pulmonary trunk function: prevents backflow of blood into ventricle once it is pumped out
papillary muscles
location: muscle attached to the lower part of the ventricles and attached to chordae tendinae function: prevents the leaflets of the atrioventricular valve from protruding into the atrium as it contracts and pulls on the chordinae tendinae attached to the leaflets
chordae tendineae
location: thin strings attached to AV valves function: prevents the leaflets of the atrioventricular valve from protruding into the atrium
the ___ is the major vessel that carries blood bck to the heart from the lower part of the body
inferior vena cava
number the following structures in the order that a red blood cell will travel through when it leaves the left ventricle carries oxygen to the brain, and to the right atria of the heart
descending aorta-N/A carotid artery-2 cranial vena cava-3 inferior vena cava-N/A aorta-1
when the papillary muscle contracts
the chordae tendinae shorten and the leaflets of the atrioventricular valve do not protrude into the atrium
penis
location: pronounced structure near bottom of pelvic cavity; can see on outside of the body function: connected to urinary bladder by urethra; where urine and sperm exit body
testis
location: round structure within scrotum function: produces sperm and testosterone (male sex hormone)
scrotum (external)
location: outer sac in male's pelvis function: the scrotum (or scrotal sac) is a part of the external male genitalia located behind and underneath the penis. it is the small, muscular sac that contains and protects the testicles, blood vessels, and part of the spermatic cord.
vas deferens
location: thin tube that wraps around bladder and connects testes to urethra; there is 1 on the left and right side of the body. function: tube that leads sperm from testes to urethra
seminal vesicle
location: 2 large folded/wrinkled structures on either side of the bladder; attached to vans deferens near the base of the bladder function: an accessory gland that produces a sugar-rich fluid (fructose, other carbohydrates) to provide source of nutrients/energy to sperm; part of semen
vaginal opening/vaginal orifice (external)
location: middle hole function: opening of vagina where penis is inserted
vagina
function: receives penis and serves as birth canal
uterine horn
location: either side of descending colon function: site of implantation in mice
ovary
location: by kidneys--looks like two small dots function: produces eggs and female sex hormone estrogen
place the following structures in the correct order through which a sperm travels out of the body
testes-1 urethra-3 urethral orifice-4 vas deferens-2
kidney -medulla -cortex -renal pelvis
location: kidney bean shaped structure in the back of the abdomen and on either side of the descending colon -inner part of kidney (darker in color) -outer part of kidney (lighter in color) -yellow/beige funnel-shaped structure near where the kidney kinks or bends function: filters blood to produce a filtrate that will undergo reabsorption and secretion to become urine -medulla is the inner part of the kidney where nephrons are located -cortex is outer part of kidney where nephrons are located -renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that takes urine to the ureter
urinary bladder
location: follow the descending colon to a small muscular structure, can also find it by following the ureters from the kidney (side) to the center (bladder) function: where urine is stored
ureter
location: thin long tubes leading from the kidney to the bladder function: where urine travels through from the kidney to the bladder
urinary opening
location: external- superior most hole in males and females internally- below the bladder and were the opening is located externally function: where urine exits out of the body
regarding a juxtamedullary nephron... a) where is it located within the kidney and b) what is its function?
a) it extends into the medulla of the kidney b) it produces urine
if there was damage to the ureters, what would be the consequence?
there would be less urine being stored in the bladder
after urine is produced in the kidney, where does it go to next?
renal pelvis
spleen
location: dark brown/red, oval shaped structure right below the stomach function: filters blood and removed old, malformed, or damaged red blood cells. produces immune cells and filters out foreign intruders; acts as a reservoir for red blood cells and immune cells in case of emergency
what role does the spleen play in the immune system?
filters blood and removes old, malformed or damaged red blood cells. produces immune cells and filters out pathogens; acts as a reservoir for blood cells and immune cells if needed
brain: cerebrum (external) -cortex -hemispheres: left and right -lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
location: large, convoluted part of brain, large surface area that can still fit in the skull -outer part -left and right sides on either side of longitudinal fissure -frontal: front part, parietal: top and towards the back, temporal: side, occipital: bottom back function: voluntary movement and cognitive functions -frontal: decision making, planning, speech, control skeletal muscles -parietal: integration of sensory information, sense of touch -occipital: combining images, object recognition, processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition -temporal: hearing and understanding language
brain: cerebellum (external)
location: back part of brain on top of spinal cord and brainstem function: coordinates movements and balance -hand eye coordination -learning and remembering motor skills
brain: brainstem (external) -medulla oblongata -pons
location: right above spinal cord -right above spinal cord and below cerebellum -above medulla oblongata function: homeostasis (breathing, heart rate, digestion and swallowing) -coordination of large-scale -control arousal and sleep -reticular formation -blocks familiar and unimportant information (sensory filter) -transmits important
brain: optic chiasm (external)
location: underneath brain towards the front of the brain (often looks like a thick solid "x") -where optic nerves partially cross function: optic nerves--caries visual information from retina to the brain. crossing allows brain to receive visual signal from the visual fields of both eyes
brain: spinal cord (external)
location: long thin extension from brain function: carry afferent and efferent signals between body and brain
brain: cerebral fissure (external)
location: indentation at the top of the brain dividing left and right cerebral hemispheres function: separates the 2 hemispheres longitudinal
internal cerebrum -corpus callosum
location: same as external -solid, diagonal band in between cerebrum and thalamus; bundle of nerve fibers function: see above -connects left and right hemispheres so they can communicate with each other
internal cerebellum
location: behind cerebrum and sitting above brainstem
internal optic chiasm
location: small circle at the bottom of brain and right behind frontal lobe
internal diencephalon
location: larger circle right below corpus callosum function: input center for sensory input going to the cerebrum
thalamus
function: receives input from cerebrum that regulates emotions
internal brainstem
location: medulla oblongata- right above spinal cord and underneath cerebellum -to the left/right of the medulla oblongata
internal ventricles
location: spaces in the brain function: spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid that carries nutrients to and wastes from CNS cells; carries O2, hormones, etc.
internal matter -gray matter -white matter
location: -outer, darker-colored edge -lighter colored center function: -contains cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons-- integration -contains myelinated axons-- transmit information
dendrites
function: receive information from other neurons
cell body
function: where most of neuron's organelles are located
axon hillock
function: where signals that travel down the axon are generated
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