LO4: Anatomical Landmarks and Anomalies

what is radiopaque

Shows white on the film

What is radiolucent?

black or dark areas

what are the prominences of bone

ridge, spine, tubercle, tuberosity

What are spaces & depressions of bone

canal, foramen, fossa, sinus

what are the two types of bone

cortical and cancellous

what is cortical bone

the dense outer layer of bone

how does cortical bone appear in a radiograph

radiopaque

what is cancellous bone

soft, spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical bone

how does the cancellous bone appear in a radiograph

padiolucent

why is anatomic order important in mounting radiographs

for correct identification and preservation of images

what is radiographic interpretation

an explanation of what is viewed on a dental radiograph

what is the importance of interpretation

a lot of information about teeth and supporting bone is obtained from radiographic interpretation

what information does interpretation state

state of health, presence of disease, baseline information, evaluation/change, cause of symptoms

what is the difference between inerpretation and diagnosis

an interpretation is an explanation and diagnosis is the identification of disease

who can interpret radiographs

any dental professional with training

what do we identify when we interpret

normal anatomy, dental caries, periodontal disease, traumatic injuries, periaplical lesions

what are the landmarks seen in maxillary radiographs

max sinus, max tuberosity, zygomatic process, nasal sinus, nasal septum, lateral fossa, medial paltine suture

where can you see the max sinus in a radiograph

apices of max molars

where can you see the max tuberosity in a radiograph

18/28 area

where can you see zygomatic process in a radiograph

apices of max molars

where can you see the nasal sinus in a radiograph

apices of 11/21

where can you see the nasal septum in a radiograph

apices of 11/21

where can you see the lateral fossa in a radiograph

between lateral and canines

where can you see the median palatine suture in a radiograph

line running the length of a palate

does the maxillary sinus appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiolucent

does the maxillary tuberosity appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiopaque

does the zygomatic process appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiopaque

does the nasal sinus appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiolucent

does the nasal septum appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiopaque

does the lateral fossa appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiolucent

does the median palatal suture appear radiolucent or radiopaque in a radiograph

radiolucent

what are the landmarks seen in radiographs of the mandible (change maybe)

external oblique ridge, internal oblique ridge, submandibular fossa, mand canal, mental foramen, genial tubercles, lingual foramen

where can you see the mylohyoid ridge in a radiograph

posterior molar region at apices

where can you see the external oblique ridge in a radiograph

posterior mand molars

where can you see the internal oblique ridge in a radiograph

apicies of molars, inferior to external oblique ridge

where can you see the submandibular fossa in a radiograph

apices of molar teeth, inferior to interal oblique ridge

where can you see the mandibular canal in a radiograph

apcies of molars

where can you see the mental foramne in a radiograph

apices of premolars

where can you see the genial tubercles in a radiograph

apices of 41/31

where can you see the lingual foramen in a radiograph

apcies of 41/31

does the enternal oblique ridge appear radiopague or radiolucent in a radiograph

radiopaque

does the the submandibular fossa appear radiopaque or radiolucnet in a radiograph

radiolucent

does the mandibular canal appear radiopque or radiolucent in a radiorgraoh

radiolucent

does the mental foramen appear radiopaque or radiolucent in a radiograph

radiolucent

does the genial tubercles appear radiopaque or radiolucent in a radiograph

radiopaque

does the lingual foramen appear radiopaque or radiolucent in a radiograph

radiolucent

what normal tooth anatomy appears radiopauw

enamel, dentin, cementum, DEJ, lamina dura, alveolar bone, deciduous and permanent teeth

what normal tooth anatomy appears radiolucent

pulp cavity and periodontal ligament space

what are the characteristics of a good pan

symetrical, uniform density, teeth are sharp in focus, slight smile in occlusal plane

what structures do you need to view to interpret a pan correctly

condyles, maxilla, sinuses, jaw, and all teeth

what are the common pan errors

client position, clients head tilt, client not entered, tongue position, client moved, metal objects, lead apron

how does a carious area appear

radiolucent

what provides a dental professional with the greatest amount of diagnostic information

bite wing

what are facors influencing caries interpretation

radiographs must be of diagnostic quality

what are the different classications of caries

interproximal, occlusal, buccal and lingual, root surface, recurrent, and rampant caries

what are interproximal caries

caries between the teeth often at or below the contact point

what is a class I interproximal caries

extends less than halfway through enamel

what is class II interproximal caries

extends more than half way through the enamel

what is a class III interproximal caies

extends to or through the DEJ and into dentin

what is class IV inerproximal caries

extends through enamel and dentin more than half distance towards the pulp

what is the best way to detect occlusal caries

a clinical exam

how do you detect a incipent occlusal caries

cannot be seen on dental radiograph and must be detected with an explorer

what are moderate occlusal caries

extends into the dentin

what are severe occlusal caries

extends into dentin and appears radiolucency

can you detect buccal and lingual caries on a radiograph

difficult to detect on radiograph due to location but appear as a circular radiolucent area

what are root surface caries

involves only the roots of teeth appear as a cupped out shape beflow the CEJ

what are recurrent caries

decay adjacent to an existing restoration

what are rampant caries

advance and severe caries affecting multiple teeth

who are rampant caries most common in

children with poor diet and adults with decreased salivary flow

how should the alveolar crest look on a radiograph of healthy teeth

1.5-2mm apical to the CEJ of adjacent healthy teeth

what is the description of periodontium of anterior teeth

alveolar crest is pointed, sharp, and very radiopaque

what is the decription of periodontium of posterior teeth

alveolar crest is flat, smooth, and parallel to a line between CEJ, less radiopaque than anterior teeth

how does the lamina dura appear on a radiograph

dense radiopaque line

how does the periodontal ligament space look in a radiograph

thin radiolucent line between the root and lamina dura

what is periodontal disease

bacterial infection of the periodontium

how does periodontal disease appear

swollen, red, bleeding gingiva with pocket formation

what does the detection of periodontal disease require

both clinical and radiographic examination

what does a clinical examination include

evaluation of soft tissues for signs of inflammation, and a thorough clinical assessment that involves periodontal probing

how are radiographs helpful in evaluating periodontal disease

provide an overview of the amount of bone present, and indicate the pattern and severity of bone loss

what is the best type of radiograph for detecting the periodontium

parallel PA

why does a radiograph need to be paired with a clinical examination to diagnose periodontal disease

they are two dimensional representations of three dimensional objects

what are the ways to describe bone loss

pattern, severity, and distribution

what is pattern of bone loss

described as either horizontal or vertical

what is severity of bone loss

the amound of bone lost

what is mild severity of bone loss

1-2mm bone loss

what is moderate severity of bone loss

3-4mm bone loss

what is severe severity of bone loss

5mm or more bone loss

what is distribution of bone loss

is it localized or generalized bone loss

what are the classifcations of periodontal disease

gingivitis, slight periodontits, moderate periodontitis, severe periodontitis

what is gingivitis

inflammation of the gums that has no assocaition with bone loss

what is slight periodontitis

mild crestal changes with 1-2mm of bone loss

what is moderate periodontitis

3-4mm of bone loss that may involve furcation

what is severe periodontitis

33% or more of the bone is gone

what are predisposing factors that contribute to periodontal disease

calculus, defective restorations, malpositioned teeth, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, caries, fusion, gemination, dilacerations

how can defective restorations affect periodontal disease

act as food traps and accumulate food debris and bacteria

how can malpositioned teeth affect periodontal disease

attracts more plaque, irregular contacts, thickness variations

how can supernumerary and impacted teeth affect periodontal disease

bone densitiy and thickness, can develop cysts, affects teeth around them

how can caries affect periodontal disease

food impaction in the decayed area

how can fusion and gemination affect periodontal disease

more occlusal strain and difficult to keep clean

how can dilacerations affect periodontal disease

more occlusal strain and can affect surrounding teeth