EBQ Safety Terms by Perspective

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on EBQ Safety Terms by Perspective.

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective

emphasizes the role of unconscious psychological processes, particularly early childhood experiences, in shaping personality & behavior.

Id/ego/superego

Terms associated with the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective referring to the components of personality structure.

Defense mechanisms

Terms associated with the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective, describe unconscious strategies that protect from anxiety.

Unconscious

Term associated with the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective, referring to the part of the mind that is inaccessible to conscious awareness.

Psychodynamic therapies

Refers to therapeutic approaches rooted in psychoanalytic theory.

Humanistic perspective

emphasizes the inherent goodness of people & their capacity for growth.

Self-actualization

Term associated with the humanistic perspective, referring to the process of fulfilling one's potential.

Unconditional positive regard

Term associated with the humanistic perspective, referring to acceptance without conditions.

Positive psychology

Focuses on understanding and promoting human well-being.

Self-determination theory of motivation

The degree to which an experience allows a person to feel a sense of control in life.

Client-centered therapies

Therapeutic approach focusing on creating a supportive environment for self-discovery and growth.

Behavioral perspective

emphasizes observable behaviors & how they are learned through interactions with the environment, primarily via conditioning.

Classical conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

Operant conditioning/shaping

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Incentive theory of motivation

Proposes that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards.

Behavioral therapies

Therapeutic approaches focused on changing observable behaviors.

Cognitive perspective

emphasizes internal mental processes like thinking, memory, & perception & how these influence behavior.

Encoding/storage/retrieval

Terms associated with the cognitive perspective referring to the processes of memory.

Chunking

Term associated with cognitive perspective, refers to organizing information into manageable bits.

Top-down/bottom-up processing

Terms associated with the cognitive perspective describing different approaches to processing information.

Schema

Term associated with the cognitive perspective, refers to a mental framework for organizing and interpreting information.

Heuristics

Term associated with the cognitive perspective, refers to mental shortcuts used in problem-solving and decision-making.

Hindsight bias

The inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been no objective basis for such a claim.

Perceptual set

A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses.

Cognitive therapies

Therapeutic approaches address maladaptive thought patterns.

Social-cognitive perspective

emphasizes that learning & behavior are shaped by a dynamic interplay between cognition, behavior, & the environment.

Social learning theory/observational learning

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

Reciprocal determinism

The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.

Locus of control

The extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.

Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

Internal vs. external drivers of behavior.

Framing

How something is presented which can influence how people process the information.

Stages of cognitive development

A period of development in which people exhibit unique forms of thought and behavior.

Cognitive appraisal

The subjective interpretation made by an individual to stimuli in the environment.

Stress/distress/eustress

Positive vs. negative effects on the body.

Biological perspective

emphasizes the impact of the brain, genes, & other biological systems on behavior & mental processes.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain responsible for motor control and coordination.

Long-term potentiation

A persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

Limbic system

A set of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.

Frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal lobes of the brain

The major divisions of the cerebral cortex, each associated with different functions.

Somatosensory/motor cortex

Regions of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing sensory information and controlling voluntary movements.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

Hormones

Chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of certain cells or organs.

Central/peripheral nervous systems

The main divisions of the nervous system.

Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience.

Sleep

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Circadian rhythm

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Transduction

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

Retina

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Cochlea

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Brain scans

Neuroimaging techniques used to visualize brain structure and function.

Twin studies

Research that compares identical and fraternal twins to understand the relative contributions of genes and environment.

Kinesthesis/vestibular sense

Our movement sense and our balance sense.

Drive-reduction theory of motivation

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Fight-flight-freeze

A physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.

General adaptation syndrome

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Sensory adaptation

Reduced sensitivity to stimulation that results from repeated presentations of that stimulation.

Normative/informational social influence

The two types of social pressure which influence conformity.

Obedience

Compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority.

Arousal/sensation-seeking theory of motivation

The need for arousal and excitement.

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Self-efficacy/self-esteem

One's sense of competence and effectiveness and feelings of high or low self-worth.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Group polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Social loafing/facilitation

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable and improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Situational/dispositional attributions

Explanations for behavior that relate to factors external to an individual versus those related to their personal qualities.

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

Relative deprivation

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.

Evolutionary perspective

emphasizes how human behavior & mental processes have evolved to enhance survival and reproduction.

Nature vs. nurture

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

Adaptation

The process by which characteristics that are useful for survival become more common in a population.

Natural selection

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Emotion

A response of the whole