Tajweed - Siffat

Hams

Pair of Jahr

the flowing of air through the makraj

فحثه شخص سكت

Jahr

pair of Hams

absence of air

(all letters besides فحثه شخص سكت)

Shiddah

pair of Rakhawa

absences of sound

اجد قط بكت

Rakhawa

pair of Shiddah

flowing sound through the makhraj

all letters except اجد قط بكت and لن عمر

Bayniyya / tawassuf

letters in btwn shiddah and rakhawah

sound flows but not from the makhraj

لن عمر

Isti’la

pair of Istifal

the back of the tounge is raised to make a “heavy” sound

صضطظخقغ

Istifal

pair of isti’la

back of the tounge is lowered to make a “light” sound

all letters except صضطظخقغ

Itbaq

pair of infitah

the middle of the tounge is raised to make a “full” heavy sound

صضطظ

Infitah

pair of itbaq

all letters except صضطظ

Idhalaq

pair of Ismat

related to grammar and pressure

any word whose root letters don’t contain a letter of idhalaq is generlaly considered non-arab

فر من كب

Ismat

pair of Idhlaq

requires more pressure on the makraj

all letters except فر من كب

Safir

A whistling sound

صسز

Qalqalah

a bounce or echo in the letters

قطب خد

Lin

ease of pronunciation when a waw or ya have a sukoon preceeded by a fatha

Inhiraf

the makhraj leans toward other letters

لر

Takrir

the tounge repeatedly vibrates causing the sound to flow in the ر

Tafashi

Air spreads out throughout the mouth for ش

Istitalah

Due to the long makhraj of the ض - the sound is stretched