Real poop v2

Define Absolute Threshold

the minimum amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect a particular stimulus half of the time.

What would be the absolute threshold for a hearing test?

x

Sensation

occurs when our sensory organs receive stimulus energies from the environment and convert them into the electrical energy of the nervous system.

Transduction

transformation of sensory stimulus energy from the environment into neutral impulses

Perception

including organizing, constructing, and interpreting sensory information—all to form a representation inside the brain of what it thinks is on the outside.

What are sensory and perceptual adaptations?

Sensory - wearing clothes all-day

Perceptual - ability to adjust to an inverted perception field

Examples of sensory and perceptual adaptation

nose blindness, itchy sweater in the morning

1. Wavelength

2. Amplitude

3. Purity

1. Three physical properties of light

Law of effect

actions that are followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

wavelength

width of wave and hue

amplitude

height of wave and brightness

purity

how many different wavelengths comprise the light.

major structures of the eye

The order light enters the eye

1. Cornea

2. Pupil/Iris

3. Lens

4. Retina
   

Trichromatic theory

(Humans are trichromatic) proposes that our ability to perceive color is based on the presence of three types of cone cells in the retina. Each type of cone is sensitive to a different range of wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue light

Know the major structures of the ear

Rather than using a mallet to strike a drum, in your ear, the drum moves a mallet to amplify the air pressure waves.

Pay special attention to the anatomy and function of the
middle ear: how might the eardrum respond to changes in altitude or air pressure?

How does the
eardrum connect to and move the ossicles

These three bones—the hammer, anvil, and stirrup—form a bridge between the eardrum and another membrane called the oval window.

What is the tactile sense?

Touch sense

What are the 4 different types of tactile receptors that give rise to skin sensations?

• somatosensory system

• nociceptor

• thermoreceptors

• primary somatosensory cortex

Consciousness

The moment-by-moment awareness of the external environment as well as one’s thoughts, feelings, etc.

What is the Inverted Spectrum Problem?

Experiencing consciousness in another way

Selective Attention

Act of focusing one’s awareness onto a particular aspect of one’s experience, excluding everything else.

Examples in selective attention

tuning out distractions while focusing on an exam.

Sigmund Freud’s model of human consciousness as compared to an iceberg.

Conscious in Sigmund Freud’s Model

Focus of current awareness

Preconscious in Sigmund Freud’s Mode

Consciously accessible thoughts, feelings, and memories

Dynamic Unconscious in Sigmund Freud’s Model

Inaccessible memories, desires, and instincts

Change Blindness

when you fail to notice a change in visual stimulus

What is the Default Mode Network of the brain? When is it likely to be active?

A region of the brain that is alert and aware but not focused on anything particular, mind wandering

What does the global workspace hypothesis state?

conscious awareness arises from synchronized activity, from across various brain regions, that is integrated into coherent representations of an experience

Define REM Sleep

rapid eye movement, similar brain activity to being awake, faster breathing and heart, can’t move skeletal muscles, dreams

What is REM rebound?

The tendency to spend more time in REM sleep if deprived of it on previous nights

Why is REM sleep sometimes called Paradoxical Sleep?

because, despite the heightened activity in the brain’s motor cortex, the muscles of the body are completely relaxed

What does it mean that humans are diurnal animals?

Most aroused during the day

What was Freud’s theory of dreaming?

believed that dreams were thus a window into unconscious conflicts and could be analyzed to help people with psychological problems.

Define Manifest

According to Sigmund’s theory, the visible surface content of a dream or behavior disguises the hidden content

Latent Content

The hidden drives and wishes expressed in dreams and behaviors but it in a disguised form

Depressants –

decrease arousal, reducing activity of the CNS. Alcohol is most commonly used.

Define Withdrawal

a set of unpleasant symptoms caused by the sudden stoppage or dosage drop of long-term drug use

What are some symptoms of withdrawal?

E.g. headache, irritability, anxiety.

3 parts of the ossicles

• hammer,

• anvil

• stirrup

Associative Learning

involves making connections between different events and our behavioral responses to them—dark clouds lead to rain and umbrellas keep us dry.

Habitual Learning

an organism’s reflexive response to a repeated stimulus becomes weaker

Sensitization Learning

an organism’s reflexive response to a repeated stimulus becomes stronger.

Classical Conditioning

a passive form of associative learning where an involuntary response—such as a reflex—becomes associated with a new stimulus

Operant Conditioning

a second form of associative learning in which a learner makes associations between a voluntary behavior and its consequences and makes a behavioral change as a result.

Primary Reinforcers (w examples)

tend to be innately satisfying because they meet some biological need and are effective regardless of a person’s prior experience. They include food, a drink when thirsty, warmth when cold, or even sex

Secondary Reinforcers (w examples)

acquiring value through experience because of their association with primary reinforcers (When you give your dog a food treat and tell him "good boy, treat is primary and the verbal expression is secondary)

Social learning theory

Observational learning extends beyond the imitation of simple actions to the learning of complex skills and social behaviors.

4 components of Social Learning Theory

Attention

Retention

Motor reproduction

reinforcement

What did Albert Bandura observe during the Bobo Doll Study? What was the outcome of this
study?

Bandura observed that children who watched an adult model behave aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate that aggressive behavior themselves.

What is meant by Insight learning….the “ah ha!” moment?

occurs when a solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind. Chimpanzees, like humans, appear to be able to learn by insight

1. Neutral Stimulus (NS)

1. A stimulus that initially does not elicit any intrinsic response. For example, a bell ringing before conditioning.

Acquisition

s the initial learning of the US-CS link in classical conditioning. This is the phase where the pairing of the US and the neutral stimulus is introduced, such as the pairing of the food and the bell.

Extinction

whereby the CR is weakened in response to the CS if it is frequently presented in the absence of the US.

• bell rung but no food would be brought out, no more salivating

Spontaneous

recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after an interval of time.

; for what type of associations is the amygdala important for?

is critical for learning fear responses. It brings together information regarding a CS (sound) and US (e.g., painful shock) and connects with other brain regions that control various behavioral and endocrine responses of the unconditioned response.

Non-Associative Learning

which involves changes in how much or how little we respond to a single event or stimulus with experience

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US):

1. A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. For instance, food causing a dog to salivate.

1. Unconditioned Response (UR):

1. The natural, unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. In the example above, the dog’s salivation in response to the food.

1. Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

1. A previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. For example, the bell ringing after it has been paired with the presentation of food.

Conditioned Response (CR):

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus, which is now the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the dog’s salivation in response to the bell ringing