apush chapter 1

why did mayan culture collapse?

overexploitation of the rainforest

Aztec Empire

A powerful civilization ended in 1521 with the Spanish conquest. It had a complex interconnected road system, advanced agriculture, and thriving commerce.

Tenochtitlan

One of the Aztecs’ biggest capital cities very advanced

Aztecs

Arrived in the Basin of Mexico around 1300. Lots of human sacrifice

Incas

Located in modern-day Colombia, using diplomacy, marriage alliances, and military conquest to rule. Their civilization spread from Ecuador to Chile along the Andes Mountains.

Pacific Northwest Culture

Located along the PNW of the US, they rarely farmed, instead fishing, etc. They built plank houses/canoes/totem poles out of cedar.

Adena-Hopewell Culture (Midwest)

Burial mounds & earthworks. Hunter-gatherers with complex social structures.

Mississippian Culture

Complex social systems with specialized labor, very agriculture-based, elaborate towns. However it fell soon to the Europeans

Cahokia

The largest of the Mississippians’ regional centers, with elaborate structures and shrines.

Southwest Culture

Irrigation-based cultures living in pueblos (adobe cliff dwellings)Ana

Anasazi

The best known of the Southwest tribal cultures, lacking a rigid social structure and rarely engaging in warfare.

Algonquians

One of the Eastern Woodland groups, from New England to New Jersey, all practicing agriculture, fishing, hunting. They lived in wigwams. Iro

Iroquoians

One of the Eastern Woodland groups, from upstate New York to Pennsylvania and the Carolinas. Built permanent agricultural villages due to skill at corn production with family loghouses. Matriarchical, with women at the head.

Great Plains Tribes

Nomadic culture focused on hunting bison/buffalo

Western Tribes

Depended on fishing, sealing, whaling

Vikings

Norse peoples who lived in Scandinavia who traveled the world in 900s and 1000s: Erik the Red colonized Greenland in 985 and disappeared

Renaissance effects

Revived classical concepts of geography: round earth. Columbus wanted to prove that the earth was flat

Factors fueling global exploration

• coveted Asian spices (costly) ex. Marco Polo meeting Kublai Khan & Asian riches

• Rise of unified nations = rise of merchant class

• Crusaders (sent to conquer Muslin Holy Land) which brought them into contact w/ Middle East

• Spain forced exile of Muslim and Jews

Bartholomeu Dias

Cape of Good Hope in 1488 (panicky crew portugese)

Vasco de Gama

Portugese, Cape of Good Hope, established Portugal as a global seafaring power

Christopher Columbus

Born Genoa, Italy, in 1451

• wanted riches and supported by Ferdinand/Isabella

• goal was to conquer and take riches NOT treat them nicely (against ferdinand/isabella’s orders)

Treaty of Tordesillas

Split Americas between Spain and Portugal: Spain would develop its empire, Portugal would provide it with slaves

Amerigo Vespucci

Sailed the Atlantic in 1499 and corrected Columbus. Americas were named after him

Effects on Europe from Columbian Exchange

• corn, potatoes, beans, cacao, etc.

  • population boom Eff

Effects on indigenous from Columbian Exchange

• domesticated animals (not immediately)

• rice, wheat, etc.

  • disease (MOST SIGNIFICANT) destroyed tribes (esp. smallpox)

John Cabot

1497 English and the first to sight North America, sponsored by Henry VII (omg hes the guy who broke up his church)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

1513 Spanish first to sight the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

Portugese sea captain but sailed for the spanish, discovered magellan striat

spanish motives

“Serve God and the king and to get rich”

Factors influencing Spanish success

guns, horses, disease

Hernan Cortes

1519 Spanish who assaulted indigenous tribes and took over the Aztecs (Montezuma II thought he was the god queztalclcoatlat). Gained indigenous allies then destroyed the indigenous finally with smallpox

conquistadores

spanish conquerers like cortes

Francisco Pizarro

Subdued the Incas

encomienda

System between the Spanish in the New World and the crown. Said that if the Spanish attempted to Christianize the natives then they could use their labor (wtf)

Bartolome de Las Casas

Catholic priest and encomienda holder who renounced forced conversions and stood up for the indigenous

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish - first known exploration of Florida 1513

Hernando de Soto

kinda carried on with Ponce de Leon Florida 1539 and moved into North American interior more

Vasquez de Coronado

1540

northward into New Mexico

France’s first colonies

Established by Protestants (Huguenots)

St. Augustine

First European town in the U.S. and the second-oldest urban center here. Assaulted French Huguenots Jua

Juan de Onate

Took possession of New Mexico and was in charge during the Pueblo Revolte

Pueblo Revolt

1680

Revolted because of cultural disruption and forced conversion under Pope. Allowed Pueblos to gain political control for 14 years but long-term unsucessful

Reformation

yeah you know what this is wow protestants wow catholicmart

Martin Luther

1517

you were in fact in ap euro. 95 theses, indulgences, priesthood of all believers, faith and given redemption, not indulgences.CAlv

Calvinism

1536

predestination and strict morality. mostly english

English Reformation

Henry VII splits off with pope because he wont give them an annulment of their marriage so he creates the anglican church

Queen Elizabeth

politique. church of england was protestant-ish

English Religion under Elizabeth

Puritans: wanted to “purify” the church of all Catholicism (from within, from England)

Separatists were Puritans who gave up on the church and went to America to built their own

Jacques Cartier

1534

First French effort at colonization in North America

Challenges to Spanish power

Dutch and English. Sir Francis Drake pillaegd Spanish towns

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

1588

Queen Elizabeth decapitated Mary Queen of Scots and Philip II (Spanish and her husband) was angry so he sent the Spanish Armada but England destroyed it so that marked the beginning of English supremacy!

Roanoke Island

1584

beginnings of English colonization w/ Sir HUmphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh. had a lot of attempts to colonize here idk what happened it kinda disappearedJam

Jamestown, Virginia

First permanent English settlement in the U.S