Unit 4 skeletal system

osteoblasts

cells that form bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

periosteum

double layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bones

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

the end of a long bone

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

red marrow

produces red blood cells

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

articular cartilage

covers ends of long bones; decreases friction

endosteum

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongy bone

Layer of Bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone

long bone

A type of bone that is longer than it is wide. Examples include the femur, humerus, and phalanges.

short bone

Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. Bones that form within tendons (e.x., patella)

flat bone

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

irregular bone

bones of vertebrae and face

foramen

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

meatus

canal-like passageway

sinus

any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull

fossa

shallow cavity in or on a bone

condyle

Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint

tuberosity

rounded process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons

trochanter

large process at the neck of the femur; attachment site for muscles and tendons

tubercle

rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons

suture

an interlocking line of union between bones

frontanel

Soft spot on the baby's head where the cranial sutures are still open.

axial skeleton

the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs

appendicular skeleton

forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones

mandible

the lower jawbone in vertebrates

maxilla

the upper jawbone in vertebrates

zygomatic

of or relating to the cheek region of the face

frontal

of or adjacent to the forehead or frontal bone

parietal

relating to the wall of any cavity or to the parietal bone of the skull

occipital

lower posterior region of the head

sphenoid

butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull

ethmoid

bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells

hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles

temporal

of or relating to the temples (the sides of the skull behind the orbit)

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Five groups of vertebrae

cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(6), sacral(4), and caudal(28-30)

fibrous joints

held by connective tissue

cartilaginous joints

held together by cartilage

synovial joints

joints enclosed within synovial or joint capsule

ligaments

tissue that connects bone to bone

tendons

tissue that connects muscle to bone

herniated disk

the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bones and joints

osteoporosis

a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)

spina bifida

failure of one or more vertebral arches to close during fetal development

Functions of skeletal system

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood cell production

ossification

the developmental process of bone formation

metaphysis

the growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

process

any projection from the surface of a bone

lamellae

Concentric rings structure

cranial bones

8 bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

Facial bones

14 bones: Nasal bones, maxillae, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible

Frontanels

soft spots in skull of infants; connective tissue between skull bones

sutures

immovable joints that unite cranial bones

Kyphosis

exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (hunchback)

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

cervical vertebrae

first 7 bones, forming the neck

thoracic vertebrae

the second 12 bones vertebrae which supports the chest

lumbar vertebrae

5 third bones vertebrae of the lower back region

sacral vertebrae

fourth 5 Bones of the lower back behind the pelvis

coccyx

Tailbone

True Ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

False Ribs

Indirectly attaches to sternum.

floating ribs

11th-12th pair; do not attach to sternum at all

costal cartilage

connects the ribs to the sternum

male pelvis

heavier, thicker; more acute (50-60); narrow; less moveable

female pelvis

thinner, smoother; broader (80-90); more moveable

joints

when bones come together(connect)

fibrous capsule

Outer layer of joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

hyaline articulate cartilage

end of bones are covered with

sprains

1st degree: stretching of ligaments

2nd degree: partial tearing of ligaments

3rd degree: complete tear of ligaments

strains

pulling or overstretching a muscle

osteoporosis

a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

osteoporosis treatment

calcium, exercise, steroid treatment therapy, estrogen replacement therapy