eyes krassa final

cataract

clouding of the crystalline lens due to continual growth of lens fibers w aging and photo-oxidative stress from uv light exposure, diabetes, obesity, smoking,

glaucoma

optic nerve compression caused by increased intraoccular pressure; gradual vision loss if untreated starting from peripheral them to central vision

age related macular degeneration

loss of central vision with unknown cause w yellow deposits in the macula (cant read books or papers, sew, do fine work, diff distinguishing faces)

visual impairment

not being able to see letters on the eye chart at line 20/50 or below

presbyopia

the decrease in power of accommodation with aging, is suggested when the person moves the card further away

nystagmus

a vision condition causing rapid, involuntary eye movements

lid lag

occurs with hyperthyroidism

exophthalmos

protruding eyes

enophthalmos

sunken eyes

anisocoria

pupils with two diff sizes

newborns light perception

neonates blink in response to light and pupils constrict

strabismus

crossed eye, if untreated can lead to permanent visual damage

corneal light reflex

light should be reflected at exactly the same spot in the two corneas

epicanthal fold

commonly seen in asians, excess skinfold extending over the inner corner of the eye

ptosis

drooping upper lid, , from nerve damage or neuromuscular weakness

ectropion

lower lid is loose and rolling out, excess of tears

entropion

lower lid rolls into eye as a result of spasm of lids or contraction of scar tissue

hordeolum

stye, infection of hair follicles at lid margin

chalazion

beady nodule protruding on the lid, its an infection or retention cyst

basal cell carcinoma

most often on lower lid, looks like a papule

conjuctivitis

infection of conjunctiva, from bacterial viral chemical infx or allegies

miosis

constricted and fixed pupils

mydriasis

dilated and fixed pupils

palpebral fissure

distance between the top and lower eyelid, have to be equal

cranial nerve 7

causes you to blink

lacrimal puncta

drain to the back of ur throat from ur eye

pupil size controlled by

autonomic nervous system causes, sns causes the dilation and pns constricts

pupils

react to light

myopic

nearsighted, commonly have bigger pupils

hyperopic

far-sighted, pupils might be smaller

lens

should be clear, changes in thickness when ur looking near or far

retina

in the back of ur eye, what helps u see, reddish-orange, vascular

optic disc

on the nasal side of the optic fundus, creamy yellow, size and shape are really important

pale optic disk

increased intracranial pressure

AV ratio

arterials to venules ratio normal is 2:3 to 4:5 (more veins than arteries in the eye)

macula

where you have most of your rods and cones in the eyes, very sensitive to light

transcultural variations

color of retinal background varies w race, darker skin= darker, fair skin=lighter

brown spots in sclera

normal for darker ppl

uv protection

teach ppl to wear sunglasses bcs too much can cause cataracts and macular degeneration

adequacy of vision

is it the same in both eyes, if theres prob then in which eye is it; if wear corrective lenses what lenses how long and what type

diff w vision

is it prob w near vision or far, prob w central or peripheral vision

eye pain

constant or intermittent pain, superficial or deep, where is it, abrupt or gradual onset

presence of halos around lights

could indicate cataract

double vision

could be infection or brain tumor

constant eye twitching

tick, could be something neurological

abnormal secretions

how much drainage, color, consistency

prolonged steroid use, breast cancer meds

could develop cataracts

xanthelasma

harmless yellow deposits

ectropion

problematic, can get dust in, eyelid rolls outward

ptosis

drooping of the upper eyelid

conjuctiva

should be pink without any discharge

arcus senilis

expected finding usually in older ppl, white ring around iris of the eye

pupil

should be round and equal

lacrimal apparatus

palpate, should not be tender, there should be no drainage

visual acuity

cranial nerve 2 (optic nerve)

20/100 vision

numerator what u can see in 20 ft others can see in 100 ft

cranial nerves 3,4,6

control eye movement

unexpected findings

acute glaucoma, optic atrophy, microaneurysms