[03.09] Introduction to Autonomics V2.2.pdf

Autonomic Drugs

Drugs that mimic or block actions of chemical transmitters to selectively modify autonomic functions

Neurotransmitters

What autonomic drugs act similar to

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, vascular endothelium, exocrine organs, presynaptic nerve terminals

Effector tissues of autonomic drugs

Blood pressure

What autonomic drugs affecting effector tissues can impact

Salivary glands, lacrimal glands

Examples of exocrine organs affected by autonomic drugs

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The functional division of the nervous system involving control and integration of visceral functions

Cardiac output, blood flow distribution, digestion

Examples of visceral functions controlled by the ANS

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

The functional division of the nervous system involving conscious control of movement, respiration, and posture

Voluntary

The nature of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Skeletal muscles

The muscles controlled by the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Vagus nerve

The ANS component influencing immune and some CNS functions like seizures, according to new evidence

Cancer development and progression

What autonomic nerves can influence, according to new evidence

Sympathetic ANS (SANS)

The ANS division associated with "Fight-or-flight" and "Adrenaline rush"

Thoracolumbar division

Where most SANS nerves arise from

Parasympathetic ANS (PANS)

The ANS division associated with "Rest-and-digest"

Brainstem and sacral vertebrae area (craniosacral division)

Where PANS nerves arise from

Cervical part of the spinal cord

The part of the spinal cord where no ANS nerves arise from

Heart

An ANS effector organ with both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

Digestive tract

An ANS effector organ that is mostly parasympathetic

Celiac ganglion

What contributes to sympathetic stimulation in the digestive tract

Short

The length of pre-ganglionic fibers in the SANS

Nicotinic receptors

The type of receptors on SANS pre-ganglionic fibers

Long

The length of post-ganglionic fibers in the SANS

Adrenergic receptors

The type of receptors on SANS post-ganglionic fibers

Paravertebral chains along the spinal cord and anterior aspect of abdominal aorta

The location of SANS ganglia

Long

The length of pre-ganglionic fibers in the PANS

Nicotinic receptors

The type of receptors on PANS pre-ganglionic fibers

Short

The length of post-ganglionic fibers in the PANS

Muscarinic receptors

The type of receptors on PANS post-ganglionic fibers

Most located in the organs (except ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia)

The location of PANS ganglia

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The neurotransmitter for nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

The neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors

Ganglia

A group of somas with the fibers as axons

Nicotinic

The receptor type for pre-ganglionic fibers for both SANS and PANS

Adrenergic

The receptor type for SANS post-ganglionic fibers

Muscarinic

The receptor type for PANS post-ganglionic fibers

Farther from effector organs

The proximity of SANS post-ganglionic fibers to their target organs

Closer to effector organs

The proximity of PANS post-ganglionic fibers to their target organs

Dilation / Mydriasis

The sympathetic effect on pupils/eyes

Constriction / Miosis

The parasympathetic effect on pupils/eyes

Mucosal reduction

The sympathetic effect on nasal mucosa

Mucosal increase

The parasympathetic effect on nasal mucosa

Salivary reduction

The sympathetic effect on salivary glands

Salivary increase

The parasympathetic effect on salivary glands

Tachycardia

The sympathetic effect on heart rate

Bradycardia

The parasympathetic effect on heart rate

Constriction

The sympathetic effect on arteries

Dilatation

The parasympathetic effect on arteries

Bronchial dilation

The sympathetic effect on lungs

Bronchial constriction

The parasympathetic effect on lungs

Decreased motility

The sympathetic effect on the GI tract

Increased motility

The parasympathetic effect on the GI tract

Increased glycogen to glucose conversion

The sympathetic effect on the liver

Glycogen synthesis

The parasympathetic effect on the liver

Decreased urine

The sympathetic effect on the kidney

Increased urine

The parasympathetic effect on the kidney

Contraction of sphincter

The sympathetic effect on the urinary bladder

Relaxation of sphincter

The parasympathetic effect on the urinary bladder

Increased sweating

The sympathetic effect on sweat glands

Ejaculation (Shoot)

The sympathetic effect on the penis

Erection (Point)

The parasympathetic effect on the penis

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The neurotransmitter for pre-ganglionic receptors in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Nicotinic

The receptor type for pre-ganglionic fibers in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Norepinephrine or dopamine

The neurotransmitters for post-ganglionic sympathetic receptors

Adrenergic alpha or beta

The receptor types for post-ganglionic sympathetic receptors

Sweat glands

The exception where sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers use ACh as a neurotransmitter and muscarinic receptors

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic parasympathetic receptors

Muscarinic

The receptor type for post-ganglionic parasympathetic receptors

Farther from its effector organs

The location of sympathetic ganglia relative to target organs

Closer to its effector organs

The location of parasympathetic ganglia relative to target organs

Short

The length of sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

Long

The length of parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

Long

The length of sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers

Short

The length of parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibers

PANS (Parasympathetic Nervous System), Long pre-ganglionic fibers, Acetylcholine (pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter), Nicotinic receptor, Short post-ganglionic fibers, Muscarinic receptor, Acetylcholine (post-ganglionic neurotransmitter)

The mnemonic PLANSMA refers to what?

SANS (Sympathetic Nervous System), Short pre-ganglionic fibers, Acetylcholine (pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter), Nicotinic receptor, Long post-ganglionic fibers, Adrenergic receptor, Norepinephrine and Dopamine (post-ganglionic neurotransmitter)

The mnemonic SSANLANED refers to what?

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

The system of neurons in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, from esophagus to distal colon

Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

The two main nerve plexuses found in the ENS

Integrate and modulate signals from both SANS and PANS

The primary role of the ENS regarding autonomic input

Third division of the ANS

How the ENS is considered functionally

Semiautonomous

The nature of the ENS's control

Motor and secretory activities in the gut, synchronization of impulses for forward propulsion and relaxation of sphincters

The activities controlled by the ENS

Peristalsis

When sphincters relax in the digestive system

Sympathetic nervous stimulation

When sphincters are constricted in the absence of peristalsis

Within the wall of the gut, stretch receptors, sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, chemical and mechanical information from the mucosa

Sources of sensory input for the ENS

Acetylcholine (ACh), Norepinephrine (NE), and Serotonin (5-HT)

The main neurotransmitter receptors found in the ENS

ANS ganglia, somatic neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerve endings

Primary locations where Acetylcholine (ACh) acts as a neurotransmitter

Neuron-to-neuron (“ganglionic”) transmitter, primary excitatory transmitter to smooth muscle and secretory cells

The roles of ACh in the ENS

Most sympathetic post-ganglionic nerve endings

The primary location where Norepinephrine (NE) acts as a transmitter

Excitatory neuron-to-neuron junction

Where Serotonin (5-HT) is an important transmitter or co-transmitter at the excitatory neuron-to-neuron junction in the ENS

Preganglionic fibers of both SANS and PANS, somatic nervous system, postganglionic fibers of PANS

Key locations for Acetylcholine (ACh)

Postganglionic fibers of SANS

Key locations for Norepinephrine (NE)

Varicosities

Widened or dilated areas where neurotransmitters are released from post-ganglionic fibers in ANS synapses

Wider

The characteristic of junctions between ANS neurons and effector cells compared to the somatic nervous system

Slower effect

The consequence of wider junctions in the ANS compared to the somatic nervous system

M1-M5

The subdivisions of muscarinic receptors

M1

Muscarinic receptor found in CNS neurons, sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and some presynaptic sites

M2

Muscarinic receptor found in the myocardium, smooth muscle, some presynaptic sites, and CNS neurons

M3

Muscarinic receptor found in exocrine glands, smooth muscles of blood vessels, and CNS neurons

M4

Muscarinic receptor found in CNS neurons, possibly vagal nerve endings