Anatomy & Physiology Lectures 1-6 Exam

What is the human body made out of

Human cells, microorganisms

Virome

Total collection of viruses

How many interacting cells in the body

30-40 trillion Cells

Microbiome

Outnumber human cells in a body by a factor of 10 to 1

How old can sperm be

2.5 months

How old can an ova be

Order of decades

Body

Flowing changing process; colonial

What are the lights displayed in the photo

Cells from other species (part of our body)

How can you catch cancer?

Through viruses such as HPV-Cervical tumors

What is an example of hormones controlling genetics?

Puberty - Allow for hair to grow places after puberty that were not possible before

What would happen if we could cure diseases?

Longer life expectancy

Where does every living thing get their energy from?

The Sun (or the nearest star to that organism)

Where does the matter that the human body is composed of come from?

Big Bang & Deceased Stars

How does gravity work?

Causes us to fall to Earth’s mass/center

What is fuel?

Hydrogen + Helium

When energy goes out…

Gravity goes in

Stars explode and give what?

Elements of the periodic table

How do we get the sun’s energy when eating

Food is grown from the sun, we break it down, then it is distributed to our cells for energy

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Can you survive undernutrition or overnutrition

Undernutrition

What are risks of overnutrition

Strain to cardio vascular system

What happens if you are overnutrition

Adipose tissue is expanded and added, blood vessels are added which can break from pressure

Conductivity

Flow; brain to nerves - messages

Respiration

Exchange CO2

Forms of secretion

Saliva, Mucus

Circulation

Heart; lymphatic

Reproduction

Creates a new combination of genetics

Homeostasis

Body trying to find balance; resisting death/destruction

Death

Permanent failure of homeostasis

Illness

Temporary failure of homeostasis

What does glucagon do

Uses stored up glucose

Does bacteria grow faster with low or high sugar?

High Sugar

What are the components of feedback loops?

Sensor mechanism, control center, an effector mechanism and feedback to the sensory mechcanism

Negative feedback systems

self-regulating systems that counteract changes, pushing a variable back toward a set point to maintain stability (homeostasis).

Example of negative feedback systems

Temperature rises, causes sweat, temperature decreases to normal

Positive feedback systems

Body making something more and more happen (adding) till suddenly it stops

Example of Positive feedback system

Contractions, messages to brain, produces oxytocin, causes more contractions

What is cancer?

Cells that become individual but can be destroyed by immune system

Pathophysiology

Study of the physiological processes associated with disease

Subdivides of Physiology

Type of organism, organizational level, specific function

Physiology

Study of how the parts of the body function in relationship to one another.

Cytology and histology

Branches of microscopic anatomy at the cellular and tissue levels

Anatomy

Structure of an organism and it discreet parts

Multiple lenses

Better vision

Sickle cell

Error in genes

Spikes on neurons

Die in 2 weeks and come back new

More activity =

more pathways to fire synapses

What allows more neural activity in the long run, reading or an action movie?

Reading (requires lots of thinking)

What can potentially lessen the symptoms for Alzheimer’s?

Being cognitively challenged - strengthening pathways - connections may fade

Scanning electron microscope

Creates magnified images

Plasma membrane

Constructed of phospholipids, with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, with embedded proteins, and cholesterol

Cholesterol

Steroid lipid that strengthens the binding of the membrane components

Hydrophobic

Hate water

Hydrophilic

Love water

Inside and outside the plasma membrane is what?

Water

Phospholipids will rearrange themselves based on…

Their charges

Transport (Protein pathways)

Going through protein

Receptor communication (Protein pathways)

Activated receptor allow molecules to pass (essentially like enzyme and substrate) - Communication

Cell-Cell Binding (Protein Pathways)

Attaching together (Like Velcro) and grabs the ground it sits on

Flagging (Protein Pathways)

Cell gets tagged so others know what to do with it

Endoplasmic reticulum

Big membrane system

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Filled with ribosomes, extends from nuclear membrane to plasma membrane, allows protein synthesis, and transport

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids and steroids, detoxifies drugs/poisons, stores calcium (for muscles)

Ribosomes

Make protein; built out of protein and rRNA

Vesicles

Used to send and take in DNA or protein

Golgi Apparatus

Made out of Cisternae

What is the Golgi Apparatus job?

Processing and packaging molecules in the cell

Lysosomes

Digestive centers - break down molecules or cells with enzymes

What does a lysosomes do with the material?

Break it down or take it to the kidney/liver

Cellular Apoptosis

Cellular Suicide

Cancer is a cell that failed to…

Kill itself

Proteasomes

Hollow protein subunit cylinders - unfold proteins one at a time - proteins destroyed are tagged by ubiquitins

Dopamine

Stops muscle Spasm

Parkinson’s occurs with the loss of…

dopamine

Mitochondrion

Has its own DNA - Conversion centers for energy - Power-plants of the cell

Why does the brain cause pain?

To tell you to stop (exercising), or to alert you

When excercising what do you produce that needs energy?

Mitochondrion

When there’s less oxygen there’s more…

Mitochondrion

The nucleus is enclosed by…

two membranes with pores called the nucleus envelope (allow things to enter and exit)

Somatic cells contains

2 meters of coiled DNA

What is the similarity between a chromatin and chromosome?

DNA + Proteins

Chromatin

Read genes, make RNA, make proteins, more relaxed in a non-dividing cell

Chromosome

Moved, separated, copied safely, transport form, in a dividing cell

Cytoskeleton surrounds

The Mitochondrion

Can the inside of the cytoskeleton be cut and rebuilt again?

Yes

One node from a neuron can

Add proteins to expand

What are the tails at the end of sperm?

Flagella

Flagella can grow long with…

Plasma mebrane around it

Glass is made out of

Silicone bonds

Stem cells can

Be put in diff. environments to allow them to become those cells

What can compromise the immune system

Stress, no sleep, unhealthy food

How does HIV infiltrate white blood cells?

Mirrors packages such as nutrients/water to enter can also copy genetic info. to end up in protein/DNA

What can happen if white blood cells die at a rapid pace?

Cancer cells can begin replication

Symptoms of HIV

Flu, asymptomatic until a year later

What are the types of membrane transport processes?

Passive or active

Passive transport processes

Physics moves things/do not require energy

Active transport processes

Uses energy to move molecules across cellular membranes

Diffusion

particles move from where there are more to where there are less until things are even

Equilibrium

things are evenly distributed

Simple diffusion

Small molecules pass directly through the membrane from HIGH - LOW without help and without energy