Biology Unit 2

photosynthesis

Energy in plants that is stored in sugars like glucose came from?

to extract energy

Purpose of cellular respiration

oxygen

aerobic cellular respiration can only take place in the presence of?

True

Bond forming requires an input of energy. True or False?

aerobic cellular respiration

a process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic compounds

obligate anaerobes

an organism that can not live without oxygen

False

Glucose is broken down all at once in cellular respiration. True or False?

substrate level phosphorylation

ATP is formed directly by transfer of phosphate by enzyme

oxidative phosphorylation

ATP is formed indirectly through a redox reaction

cytosol

where does glycolysis take place?

across the mitochondrial membranes

where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

mitochondrial matrix

where does the krebs cycle take place?

inner mitochondrial membrane

where does ETC take place?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, Pyruvate

outputs of glycolysis

2 NADH, Acetly-CoA, CO2

outputs of pyruvate oxidation

2 ATP, 2 FADH, 6 NADH, CO2

outputs of the krebs cycle

38 ATP

outputs of ETC (net)

facultative aerobes

Escherichia coli, organisms that can extract energy with out without oxygen present

obligate anaeerobes

Clostridium botulinum, organisms that exact energy without oxygen present

prokaryotes

have no mitochondrion so CR is difficult and inefficient, etc still occurs and holds full complement of reactions in the cytosol

anaerobic respiration

final electron acceptor is not oxygen but other inorganic molecule

fermentation

no electron transport chain, uses organic molecule as oxidizing agent

glycolysis

Oldest reaction

endergonic

energy investement phase

exergonic

energy payoff phase

2.2%

effeciency of glycolysis?

pyruvate, thermal, NADH

where is the other 97.8% of energy from glycolysis?

reduction

gaining of electrons (NAD + to NADH)

decarboxylation

removal of carboxyl group (COO-)

dehydrogenation

Transfers 2e and 1p o NAD+ → NADH

acetylCoA, oxaloacetate, H2O

the krebs cycle begins with?

reduction

gaining electrons (2 part reaction)

oxidation

losing electrons (2 part reaction)

high electronegativity

O2 is a good electron acceptor due to?

enzyme

the energy for SLP comes from?

electron transfer

the energy for OP comes from?

citrate

a 2 carbon acetyl group carried by CoA is transfered to oxaloacetate forming?

succinate dehydrogenase

the only peripheral membrane protein in the etc, 2nd complex

NADH dehydrogenase

1st complex in ETC

cytochrome complex

3rd complex in ETC

cytochrome oxidase

4th complex in ETC

ubiquinone

first shuttle in ETC, shuttles from 1 & 2 to 3, hydroPHOBIC

cyt c

second shuttle in ETC, shuttles from 3 to 4, hydroPHILLIC

true

it is not the proteins but rather non protein groups that transfer electrons to build a gradient, true or false?

electrochemical gradient of protons

gradient name across membranes

proton-motive force

force that moves protons across electrochemical gradient

chemiosmosis

ATP is synthesized using energy of gradient and ATP synthase

ATP synthase

molecular motor

malate-aspartate

more efficient shuttle

glycerol-phosphate

less efficient shuttle

41%

theoretical maximum of energy from glucose

creatine

what ATP binds to when there is too much of it in the muscle or brain cells

metabolic rate

energy exerted per unit in time

basal metabolic rate

energy exerted when resting

less

more fat = more or less BMR?

phosphofructokinase

feedback inhibitor in glycolysis

heavier

carbohydrates are lighter or heavier than lipids to carry?

plasma membrane

where are the ETC components found in Prokaryotes

alcohol fermentation

pyruvate is decarboxylated into acetaldehye, which oxdizes NADH and turns into ethanol

lactate fermentation

pyruvate oxidizes NADH and turns into lactate

activates

AMP does ? to glycolysis

inhibit

ATP & citrate ? to glycolysis

decarboxylation

losing a C atom

photoautotroph

an organism that makes its own food using energy from the Sun

light dependent reactions

the first stage of reactions in photosynthesis

calvin cycle

the second stage of the photosynthesis process that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugars

primary electron acceptor

a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced during photosynthesis

antenna complex

chlorophyll b and carotenoids make up the?

reaction center

chlorophyll a and primary electron acceptor

absorption spectrum

a plot of the amount of light energy of various wavelengths that a substance absorbs

action spectrum

a plot of the effectiveness of light energy of different wavelengths in driving a chemical process

photosystem 1

a collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 700 nm wavelength

photosystem 2

a collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 680 nm wavelength

rubisco

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase; a critical enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the reduction

photolysis

how is oxygen generated during photosynthesis?

CO2 fixation

NADPH and ATP being used to turn CO2 into high-energy molecules

false

Photosynthesis is the reverse of cell respiration. True or False?

Three

how many membranes does a chloroplast have?

outer membrane

first chloroplast membrane

inner membrane

second chloroplast membrane

thylakoid membrane

third chloroplast membrane

stroma

aqueous environment inside the chloroplast, enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the Calvin cycle are found here

grana

interconnected stacks of flattened discs

granum

flattened disc

thylakoid lumen

space inside the thylakoids

along the thylakoid membrane

where do the light dependent reactions occur?

thylakoid membrane

what gives plants their green color?

stromata

are minute openings through which O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the surrounding atmosphere.

stromal lamellae

connects the granum

excites

what does the absorption of a photon do to an electron?

returns to ground state

first outcome for excited electron, energy is released as thermal

passes energy to another electron

second outcome for excited electron

is passed to an electron acceptor

third outcome for excited electron

accessory pigments

carotenoids and chlorophyll b are what kind of pigments?

reflected

what kind of light gives a pigment its color

spectrophotometer

instrument which analyzes a sample of the pigment

light-harvesting complex

another name for a large antenna complex

NADPH and ATP

Energy captured during the light-dependent reactions is used to synthesize ?

cytosol and folds in membrane

where does photosynthesis occur in cells without chloroplsats?

water

source of hydrogen atoms and electrons in photosynthesis