CD exam 3

attachment

an enduring social-emotional connection between two people marked by affection and desire to be in close proximity

internal family systems

the mind is split up into different parts that respond in different ways to experiences, but some are more excepted by people around you and therefore more utilized than others

what is the reason a behavioralist would give for children attaching to their parents?

the parents provide them food

Describe Harlow’s perspective on attachment and the results of his experiment with monkeys

• he believed that infants attach to a parent because they provide emotional comfort

• baby monkeys spent more time with the cloth “mother” than the wire one, even though the wire one was the only one with food

What is Bowlby’s evolutionary attachment theory?

children are born with an innate drive to form attachments in order to increase their chances of survival

secure base

an attachment figure who provides child with the security to feel comfortable to go out and explore

asocial stage of attachment (0-6 weeks)

infant can’t tell people apart

indiscriminate stage of attachment (6 weeks-6 months)

child has no aversion to strangers but still prefers close adults

specific attachment (7-9 months)

forms one attachment and displays separation and stranger anxiety

multiple attachments (10 months onward)

more attachments form

What is Ainsworth’s Strange Situation looking to measure?

attachment of the child and parent, which is mainly seen in the reunion of the two after the child has been left alone with a stranger

secure attachment

child is upset by caregiver leaving but soothed when they return and exchange a warm greeting

what percent of North American babies have secure attachment?

60-65 percent

avoidant attachment

the child is not visibly upset when the caregiver leaves and ignores them at their return, not wanting to be touched

what percent of North American babies have avoidant attachment?

20 percent

resistant/ambivalent attachment

• the child is upset at both the leaving and return of the caregiver and cannot be consoled

• they want to be picked up but are resistant to further contact (like hugs)

what percent of North American babies have resistant/ambivalent attachment?

10-15 percent

disorganized attachment

• confused when caregiver leaves and returns

• approach the caregiver but freeze or avoid them in the middle

what percent of North American babies have disorganized attachment?

5-10 percent

which attachment style is associated with abuse?

disorganized

which aspects of a caregiver influences attachment?

responsiveness, consistency, sensitivity, appropriateness

secure caregiver traits

sensitive, consistent, loving

avoidant caregiver traits

cold and rejecting

resistant/ambivalent caregiver traits

inconsistent

disorganized caregiver traits

may be abusive or mistreating their child

can secure attachment be developed over time?

yes

internal working model

mental representation of self and others developed through interactions with the caregiver that guides interactions with others and infuses meaning into ambiguous situations

internal working model of someone with secure attachment

more trust and self-worth

internal working model of someone with insecure attachment

more pessimism, mistrust, and lower self worth

which attachment style has the most positive outcomes?

secure

which attachment style group is related to outcomes like anger and anxiety?

insecure

which attachment style is related to poor emotional well-being?

disorganized

in the Johnson et al. study on infant attachment, which videos did the infants track the most/were the most intrigued by?

the opposite of their attachment style since they were not used to seeing that outcome

trans

gender does not align with sex assigned at birth

gender diverse

gender identity or expression may not align with sex assigned at birth

What stages did Kohlberg create?

stages of gender identity development and stages of moral development

gender labeling (2-3 years)

children understand themselves to be a boy or girl and label themselves accordingly

gender stability (3-4 years)

understand gender is stable across time but not contexts/situations (eg if boys play with dolls they will become a girl)

gender consistency (4-7 years)

understand gender is stable across time and situations/contexts

gender constancy

occurs after children pass through all other stages and reintroduces the idea of flexibility of gender roles while still maintaining gender identity

gender schema theory

amassing information from the world that forms understanding of what it means to be a girl or a boy

does gender labeling increase or decrease a child’s gravitation towards “gender appropriate” activities?

increase

describe the nature of the inverted U shape of gender typing

• there is initially a lot of rigidity in gender typing, followed by in crease in flexibility

• this can vary by domain

multiple classification

understanding that something can belong to multiple categories at once, not just one

variability within categories

understanding that differences can and do exist among members of the same category

does the preference of hanging out with same-gendered peers peak earlier or later in childhood?

later

describe the results of the green and yellow experiment

when boys were told a color was for boys and one was not, they preferred the “boy” color and vice versa for girls

describe the results of the study about barbie vs. ms. potato head

girls who played with barbies instead of the ms. potato head toy were more likely to say they could not do the same jobs as men

in children’s books, are characters more likely to be male or female?

male

what roles are male characters in children’s books more likely to have

hero, occupational, active

what roles are female characters in children’s books more likely to have

domestic, magical, passive

have either portrayals of male or female characters changed to be less stereotypical in books?

yes, female but not male

what happened when gender was made more salient in classroom settings?

it was correlated with more gender-occupation classifications compared to a control, likely due to developmental intergroup theory

developmental intergroup theory

proposes that children's understanding of social categories and their associated biases is shaped by environmental factors and interactions

common teacher feedback for boys

“work harder”, based on internal factors like intelligence

common teacher feedback for girls

about responsibility and cooperative behavior, poor performance linked to ability

do children typically have more or less positive attitudes towards gender-diverse or trans children?

less positive, but this can vary across cultures

do boys tend to rate gender-diversity more or less negatively than girls?

more negatively

who would get the lowest rating from others, gender-diverse males or females?

males

how were gender-diverse girls rated by college students?

neutrally

was gender-conformity associated with popularity in middle school?

yes

minority stress model

members of stigmatized minority groups experience chronic stress due to societal prejudice and discrimination, leading to negative health outcomes

• minority characteristics → poor psychological well-being→minority stress

how much more likely are TGD youth to experience suicidality, depression, and anxiety?

2-3x more likely

what does enacting state-level anti-trans laws do to the past year suicide rates of TGD youth?

increases them

how can negative mental health outcomes effect relationships of TGD youth with their friends and family

they can lead to poor relationships

do TGD racial minorities experience more or less bullying in school than those who are not racial minorities

more

how many TGD youth skipped school due to feeling unsafe?

25.3%

how many TGD youth reported being bullied?

40.1%

what are some protective factors for TGD youth?

• social support

• access to gender affirming healthcare

• being able to use chosen name and pronouns

• school belonging and safety

• social media use that affirms identity

• pursuing meaningful experiences that were missing in life

• GSAs-but only if they address trans and racial identities

how many TGD youth attempted suicide who did not have high levels of family and peer connectedness

72 percent

what happens to the rate of TGD youth attempted suicide as family and peer connectedness increases

it decreases

did the study of canvassers going to door to door and asking people in both political parties to do empathy and perspective taking activities change acceptance? How long did results hold?

yes, it improved it for both parties compared to a control, and results held for three months

did the empathy intervention for children towards their TGD peers involving rating fictional children positively and negatively who displayed different levels of gender-conformity work overall?

no

In MacMullin’s experiment, did the children have relatively positive or negative gender-related attitudes

relatively positive

In MacMullin’s experiment, was gender-stereotyping related to higher or lower ratings of gender-conforming children?

higher

In MacMullin’s experiment, was more familiarity with gender diversity related to higher or lower ratings of gender-diverse traits?

higher

what percentage of people in a study stayed with their trans identity 5 years after transitioning?

94 percent

is the regret rate of gender affirming surgery low or high compared to other kinds of surgery

low

reciprocal socialization

bidirectional socialization between parents and children

Domain-specific socialization

socialization processes of parents to children are not uniform but vary depending on the specific context or domain in which they occur

what are child outcomes of protection socialization?

the child learns how to respond to danger and engage in self-regulation

what are child outcomes of reciprocity socialization?

the child learns how cooperative to be and how much to comply with parental demands

what are child outcomes of control socialization?

the development of moral and principled behavior

what are child outcomes of guided learning socialization?

knowledge and skill acquisition

what are child outcomes of group participation socialization

level of conformity to cultural group practices and values

what is typical early focus of new parents?

routines

how many couples have higher relationship satisfaction before having a baby?

2/3

how many couples have higher relationship satisfaction after having a baby?

1/3

what are some reasons relationship satisfaction could increase after having a baby?

• seeing partner in a new role

• being brought together by working to raise the child

what are some reasons relationship satisfaction could decrease after having a baby?

• conflicting parenting styles

• new financial stress

• lack of sleep causing irritability

What are Baumrind’s four parenting styles?

authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, indulgent

authoritarian parenting

low in warmth, high in demandingness, rigid limits and controls with little verbal exchange

authoritative parenting

high in both warmth and demandingness, balance on placing limits while still encouraging independence, lots of back and forth

neglectful parenting

low on warmth, low on demandingness, uninvolved in child’s life

indulgent parenting

high in warmth, low in demandingness, very involved in child’s life and protective of them

outcomes of authoritarian parenting

child is typically conscientious, obedient, self-blaming, but sometimes can be rebellious and aggressive

outcomes of authoritative parenting

child is typically well-adjusted and self-reliant, with good relationships

outcomes of neglectful parenting

child is typically immature, sad, and has lower self esteem

outcomes of indulgent parenting

child is typically unhappy, lacking in friends, immature, impulsive, and easily frustrated

which parenting style is widely considered the best?

authoritative