AP World: Period 2

Colombian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa following the transoceanic voyaging of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Ming Dynasty

• Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty

• It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

• Hongwu centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor

• Reestablished civil service based on Confucian values

Renaissance

• Means rebirth

• Reflected the spirit of individualism and encouraged a split from religious based thinking and focus on things of this world

• Artwork known from use perspective and realism

• Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists

Hernan Cortes

• With a force of 500 men, Cortes marched to Tenochtitlan. He made alliances with the people against the ruler

• Cortes took Montezuma captive

• Used steel armor and guns, as well as horses to overtake the empire. Diseases decreased and weakened the population as well

Qing Dynasty

• The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming and succeeded by the people’s republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

• Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Protest Reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s started by Martin Luther.

Absolutism

• A form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

• Best example if Louis XIV of France

• Built the palace at Versailles and revoked the Edict of Nantes which had extended religious protection to French Protestants

Little Ice Age

• Occurred just after the Medieval Warming Period and caused a great deal of problems for life at the time. Caused colder winters increasing starvation and causing famine.

Sikhism

• Indian religion founded by Guru Nanak in NW India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Technology of European Exploration

• Lanteen sails, from Chinese merchants ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction.

• The astrolabe was used by sailors to determine latitude

• Inventions borrowed from the Chinese included sternpost rudder, which improved navigation, and magnetic compass

• Caravels were slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese

Martin Luther

• Leader of the Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s

• Published his 95 Theses, and a movement to widespread across Germany then into England and Switzerland

• Main arguments were against the purchase of indulgences (payment for sins)

Henry Vll

• King of England

• His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope

• England broke with the Roman Catholic Church and embraced Protestantism

• Henry established the Church of England in 1532

Thirty Years War

• War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally, Spain

• France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power

• The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their land

Encomienda System

• The labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him to exchange for his protection.

Council of Trent

• Council of the Catholic church, prompted by the Protestant Reformation

• The Start of the Counter Reformation

• Clarifications of the Church’s doctrine

• The council condemned anyone who said sacraments were not necessary for salvation or that man can be justified through faith alone without sacrament

Haciendas

• Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the New World produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy

Mit’a System

• A type of labor tax that each male citizen of the Inca Empire had to pay by doing labor for the government. This included such jobs as serving as a warrior in the army and on temples or other government buildings.

Copernicius

• Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Songhai Empire

• Islam foundation of empire

• Conquered much of the surrounding lands and took control of the gold and salt trade from the Mali Empire

• History was often passed down through the griots, a West African storyteller

Timbuktu

• City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Kingdom of Kongo

• Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river

• Conglomeration of several village alliances

• Participated actively in trade networks

• Most centralized rule of the Bantu kingdom

• Royal currency: cowries

• Undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

• A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies, Africa, and England.

• Provided labor on colonial plantations.

• Slaves were sent to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, to Central America and Peru for silver mines, and to North America for cotton and tobacco plantations.

African Diaspora

The term commonly used to describe the mass dispersion of people from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to different regions throughout the Americas and the Caribbeans.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

English Civil War

• Supporters of Parliament against the Crown

• The trial and execution of Charles l

• The replacement of the monarch with the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653)

• The rise of Oliver Cromwell to a virtual military dictatorship

• The ultimate outcome was the discrediting of the idea of the divine right of kings and the belief that parliament was now supreme, establishing a constitutional monarchy

Tokugawa Shogunate

• Missionaries hoping to convert the Japanese

• A series of seclusion acts were passed to ban missionary activities

• Began a period of self imposed isolation and peace called Pax Tokugawa for 300 years

• Japan unified in the 1500s which led to the establishment of a military government led by a shogun

Single Whip Tax System

• A policy put forth by the Ming requiring a single national tax and that all taxes be paid in the form of silver, including those taxes paid by the tributary state

• China now had to fulfill the demand for silver

• Silver made its way into China from both Japan and the Americas

Suleiman the Magnificient

• Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

• Expanded into Southern Europe

• Created a centralized bureaucracy

• Modernized the Ottoman Army

• Improved the legal system, based on Islamic laws

Ottoman Devshirme

• A system developed by the Ottoman whereby Janissaries who were soldiers in the Ottoman Empire were trained to protect and serve the sultan

• The elite group began as slaved recruited from among Christian boys in Ottoman controlled areas

• They were forced to convert to Islam and pledge absolute loyalty to the sultan

Safavid Empire

• Established Shiite sect of Islam as official religion

• Shah Abbas the Great encouraged trade with other nations, and increased the use of gunpowder weapons

• Constant conflict with Ottomans and Russia

Mughal Empire

• An Islamic empire established in India following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate

• Islamic minority ruling over a Hindu majority

• Built the Taj Mahal

• Declined in late 1600s due to the abandonment of religious tolerance and arrival of Europeans.

Akbar the Great

• Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler.

• He is responsible for the expansion of the empire, the stability of his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.

Galileo

• An Italian provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect.

• Invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered.

• Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong, he was arrested and put on house arrest for the rest of his life.

Ivan the Terrible

• Earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his first son.

• The first ruler to assume the title Czar of Russia.

Peter the Great

• Russian tsar

• Enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elites

• Moved the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg

Isaac Newton

• considered one of the most important scientists in history

• Developed the theory of gravity, the laws of motion, calculus, and made breakthroughs in the area of optics such as the reflecting telescope

Christopher Columbus

• An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish government to find a passage to the Far East.

• Given credit for discovering the “New World” even though at his death he believe he made it to India.

• The 1st sighting of land was on October 12, 1492.

Vasco Da Gama

• Portuguese explorer

• Ked the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route

Ferdinand Magellan

• Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition that was the first to sail around the world

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Agreement between Portugal and Spain declaring that newly discovered land to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered land east of the line would belong to Portugal

Francisco Pizarro

• 1532 Pizarro landed in South America and established the 1st Spanish settlement in Peru. A civil war amongst the Inca was taking place and many Inca were sick from the disease brough by the Spanish such as the smallpox

• Pizarro set a trap for Atahualpa and took him prisoner and executed him

• In 1535 he established the city of Lima as the new capital of Peru

Middle Passage

• The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. It was one leg of the triangular trade route that took goods from Europe to Africa, Africans to work as slaves the Americas and West Indies, and raw materials back to Europe

Edict of Nantes

• Decree issued by the French crown granting limiting toleration to French Protestants

• Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic

• Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestants Huguenots to North America

Ottoman Empire

• Islamic state founded by Osman in the northwest Anatolia. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sough to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

John Calvin

• Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism