AP World: Period 3

Colombian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa following the transoceanic voyaging of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Ming Dynasty

• Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty

• It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

• Hongwu centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor

• Reestablished civil service based on Confucian values

Renaissance

• Means rebirth

• Reflected the spirit of individualism and encouraged a split from religious based thinking and focus on things of this world

• Artwork known from use perspective and realism

• Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists

Hernan Cortes

• With a force of 500 men, Cortes marched to Tenochtitlan. He made alliances with the people against the ruler

• Cortes took Montezuma captive

• Used steel armor and guns, as well as horses to overtake the empire. Diseases decreased and weakened the population as well

Qing Dynasty

• The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming and succeeded by the people’s republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

• Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Protest Reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s started by Martin Luther.

Absolutism

• A form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

• Best example if Louis XIV of France

• Built the palace at Versailles and revoked the Edict of Nantes which had extended religious protection to French Protestants

Little Ice Age

• Occurred just after the Medieval Warming Period and caused a great deal of problems for life at the time. Caused colder winters increasing starvation and causing famine.

Sikhism

• Indian religion founded by Guru Nanak in NW India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Technology of European Exploration

• Lanteen sails, from Chinese merchants ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction.

• The astrolabe was used by sailors to determine latitude

• Inventions borrowed from the Chinese included sternpost rudder, which improved navigation, and magnetic compass

• Caravels were slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese

Martin Luther

• Leader of the Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s

• Published his 95 Theses, and a movement to widespread across Germany then into England and Switzerland

• Main arguments were against the purchase of indulgences (payment for sins)

Henry Vll

• King of England

• His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope

• England broke with the Roman Catholic Church and embraced Protestantism

• Henry established the Church of England in 1532

Thirty Years War

• War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally, Spain

• France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power

• The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their land

Encomienda System

• The labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him to exchange for his protection.

Council of Trent

• Council of the Catholic church, prompted by the Protestant Reformation

• The Start of the Counter Reformation

• Clarifications of the Church’s doctrine

• The council condemned anyone who said sacraments were not necessary for salvation or that man can be justified through faith alone without sacrament

Haciendas

• Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the New World produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy

Mit’a System

• A type of labor tax that each male citizen of the Inca Empire had to pay by doing labor for the government. This included such jobs as serving as a warrior in the army and on temples or other government buildings.

Copernicius

• Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Songhai Empire

• Islam foundation of empire

• Conquered much of the surrounding lands and took control of the gold and salt trade from the Mali Empire

• History was often passed down through the griots, a West African storyteller

Timbuktu

• City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Kingdom of Kongo

• Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river

• Conglomeration of several village alliances

• Participated actively in trade networks

• Most centralized rule of the Bantu kingdom

• Royal currency: cowries

• Undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

• A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies, Africa, and England.

• Provided labor on colonial plantations.

• Slaves were sent to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, to Central America and Peru for silver mines, and to North America for cotton and tobacco plantations.

African Diaspora

The term commonly used to describe the mass dispersion of people from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to different regions throughout the Americas and the Caribbeans.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

English Civil War

• Supporters of Parliament against the Crown

• The trial and execution of Charles l

• The replacement of the monarch with the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653)

• The rise of Oliver Cromwell to a virtual military dictatorship

• The ultimate outcome was the discrediting of the idea of the divine right of kings and the belief that parliament was now supreme, establishing a constitutional monarchy

Tokugawa Shogunate

Single Whip Tax System

Suleiman the Magnificient

Ottoman Devshirme

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

Akbar the Great

Galileo

Ivan the Terrible

Peter the Great

Isaac Newton

Christopher Columbus

Vasco Da Gama

Ferdinand Magellan

Treaty of Tordesillas

Francisco Pizarro

Middle Passage

Edict of Nantes

Ottoman Empire

Mercantilism

John Calvin