Allophones

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What are allophones?

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Free variations or different realizations of the same phoneme that do not change the meaning of words.

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What is a principal allophone?

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The most common or neutral pronunciation of a phoneme.

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10 Terms

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What are allophones?

Free variations or different realizations of the same phoneme that do not change the meaning of words.

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What is a principal allophone?

The most common or neutral pronunciation of a phoneme.

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subsidiary allophones

Variations that occur in specific phonetic contexts, such as the /d/ sound being palatalized, lacking plosion, or becoming dental in different environments

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How is /d/ pronounced before front vowels or the sonorant /j/?

It is slightly palatalized, as in “deal” or “day.”

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Subsidiary Allophones of /d/

  1. How is /d/ pronounced before front vowels or the sonorant /j/?

    • It is slightly palatalized, as in “deal” or “day.”

  2. What happens to /d/ when it is followed by another stop?

    • It is pronounced without plosion, as in “bad pain.”

  3. How is /d/ pronounced before nasal sonorants like /n/ and /m/?

    • It is pronounced with nasal plosion, as in “sudden” or “admit.”

  4. How does /d/ change before the lateral sonorant /l/?

    • The plosion becomes lateral, as in “middle” or “bad light.”

  5. How does /d/ change when followed by /r/?

    • It becomes post-alveolar, as in “dry” or “dream.”

  6. What happens to /d/ when followed by the interdental sounds /θ/ or /ð/?

    • It becomes dental, as in “breadth” or “good thing.”

  7. How does /d/ change when followed by the labial sound /w/?

    • It becomes labialized, as in “dweller.”

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Positional Variations of /d/

  1. What is the characteristic of /d/ in the initial position?

    • It is partially devoiced, as in “dog.”

  2. How is /d/ pronounced in the intervocalic position or when followed by a sonorant?

    • It is fully voiced, as in “leader” or “order.”

  3. What happens to /d/ in the word-final position?

    • It is voiceless, as in “road” or “old.”

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What is complementary distribution?

When allophones of the same phoneme appear in different, non-overlapping phonetic environments, such as aspirated [k] in “cool” versus unaspirated [k] in “school.”

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What is contrastive distribution?

When sounds in the same environment change meanings, as seen in minimal pairs like “ten” vs. “pen.”

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What is broad (phonemic) transcription?

It represents only the phonemes without showing detailed variations, such as “farmer” as /ˈfɑːmə/.

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What is narrow (allophonic) transcription?

It captures precise allophonic details, showing specific articulatory features, like “farmer” transcribed as [fɑ͟ː(r)mə(r)].