pathogens + diseases 12u

Pandemic

unusually high outbreak of a new infectious disease that is spreading through the human population across a large region

Epidemic

is specific to one region (city/country)

Coronavirus

There is no one coronavirus. It's actually an umbrella term for a family of different viruses. Common cold is even part of this.

Outbreak

 a situation where the occurrence of disease cases in excess of normal expectancies 

Zoonotic

infections that spread between people and animals.

Similarities between coronavirus and Flu

Symptoms: 

• can cause fever, cough, body aches, vomiting, diarrhea

• Range from mild, severe, to even fatal

• Can result in pneumonia

Transfer: 

• droplets can transmit through air

• May also linger in the air for a period of time

Différences between coronavirus and fully

Covid:

• Not everyone gets symptoms but can still pass it to others without having symptoms

• Can loose sense of taste/smell

• Antiviral medications are being tested

Flu:

• No effect on sense of taste/smell

• Oral antiviral meds exist to address symptoms/duration

Bubonic plague cause

Bacteria carried by rats spread by fleas 

Bubonic plague symptoms

Gangrene of extremities, ill feeling, chills and fever, painful lymph gland swelling

Bubonic plague treatment

Isolation, herbal remedies, now antibiotics

What caused cholera

Water borne bacteria 

Choléra symptoms

Severe diarrhea, dehydration, death

Cholera treatment

Oral rehydration solutions cure 80% of cases, IV treatment for more severe cases, vaccines for high risk areas

Spanish flu cause

A kind of influenza virus that is more deadly and spreads faster

Spanish flu symptoms

Fever, dry cough, fatigue, pneumonia, delirium, organ failure

Spanish flu treatment

Isolation, pain remedies, eventually antibacterial drugs and vaccines

What is HIV + AIDS

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and AIDS is a term that can only be used when HIV has caused severe damage to the Immune System

various ways pathogens spread

• Airborne: particles from spit linger in the air and can be inhaled.

• Foodborne: consuming contaminated food/drinks

• Person to person: Coming into contact with an infected person

The Germ Theory

Microorganisms such as pathogens cause diseases → Louis Pasteur

How Koch’s postulates supported The Germ Theory

• 4 conditions to prove disease causing agents are pathogens

1. Microorganisms should be found in all suffering from disease, but not in healthy people

2. Microorganisms must be grown in culture away from disease

3. Cultured microorganisms should cause disease when introduced to healthy organism

4. Must be reisolated from disease host and found to be identical as before.

Bacteria

• it’s a single celled organism

• Cocci (sphere); bacilli (rods); spirilla (spirals)

• They cause illness by destroying cells

• Antibiotics used to treat → —— can adapt to antibiotics

• Pneumonia: difficulty breathing + bad cough, staphylococcus aureus

• Dermatitis: itching, inflammation, skin lesions; staphylococcus aureus

Viruses

• embed DNA and RNA surrounded by protein coat → RNA+DNA goes into host

• Force host to make more ——

• Treatment such as fever reducers + antiviral meds are used

• Pox: skin lesions, bumps, blisters, pustules and crusts; cowpox

Fungi

• Can be single or multicellular

• Take nutrients from the host cell

• Treatment → antifungal drugs (topical or oral)

• Ringworm: circular skin lesions with itching and hair loss

Protozoa

• Single celled organisms

• They infect other organisms to survive and reproduce + use host cells to complete their life cycles and take nutrients from them

• Malaria: affects multiple systems; fever, head +muscle aches, fatigue, vomiting 

• Treatment - antimalarial drugs

Parasitic Worm (Henthims)

• Multicellular organisms, they grow and feed on the host & can possibly kill host

• Ex. tapeworm 

• Treatment: oral medication

• Worm like parasites separated based on three distinct shapes: flukes (trematodes), tapeworms (cestodes), roundworms (nematodes)

Pathogens

• can enter the body either through direct or indirect contact

• Vectors - carry a —— and transmit it into healthy cells. Direct contact requires touching an infected individual.

• example (lyme disease and ticks, malaria and mosquitoes)

What is the study of epidemiology

branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease.

Are all microbes pathogens

Not all microbes are pathogens; many are essential or neutral to human health

How are pathogens spread/transmitted

Contact, airborne, foodborne, vector, blood, mother-child.

few places pathogens “hide” when not infecting people

Some surfaces, Food, water/soil, Animals

difference between infectious and contagious?

• Infectious: Caused by germs (like viruses, bacteria, or parasites). You can get sick from it, but not always from other people

• Contagious: A type of infectious disease that spreads from person to persoN

what is contained within a vaccination

• Weakened or killed parts of a virus or bacteria (or something that looks like it)

• Instructions (mRNA or DNA) to help the body recognize the disease

antibiotic resistance

when bacteria change so that antibiotics no longer kill them.

Nanoparticules

Tiny particles used to deliver vaccines more precisely and boost effectiveness

Combining bacteria

Using helpful bacteria to carry vaccine parts or fight harmful bacteria.

Dissolvable patches

Painless ———— placed on the skin — easy to use, no needles needed

Edible vaccines

Vaccines inside foods like bananas or tomatoes — still being developed.

Using plants to make vaccines

Genetically modified plants grow vaccine ingredients more quickly and cheaply.

basic characteristics of a bacteria cell

• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)

• Single-celled

• Have a cell wall

• Reproduce quickly by binary fission

structures of bacteria cells

• Pili (pilus): hair-like appendages used for locomotion or exchanging genetic info (plasmids)

• Capsule:  Attachment to surfaces; protection 

• Cell wall:  found on all bacteria (thick = Gram +ve & thin = Gram –ve)

• membrane :  Permeability barrier; transport of nutrients/wastes

• Cytoplasm: surrounds all other organelles

• Nucleoid region: DNA gathers here

• Plasmids: DNA that can be copied & passed to other bacteria without going through reproduction

• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis

• Flagellum: long, whip-like appendage used for locomotion