Human A&P Chapter 6

The subcutaneous layer is

made entirely of collagen.

also called the subdermis.

part of the basement membrane.

made of squamous epithelium.

not part of the skin.

not part of the skin.

A hair is distinguished from a hair follicle by

being dead.

being alive.

always dividing.

never dividing.

actively secreting.

being dead

Which person is at highest risk of developing a cutaneous carcinoma?

a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan.

an eighty-year-old who spends most of her time indoors.

a young woman who enjoys going to the beach but always covers up.

a twenty-two-year-old college student who is outdoors often and uses sunblock.

a black woman who spends most of her time in her office.

a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan.

Gray hair is

a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs.

caused by a pigment, pseudomelanin.

a mixture of red and brown hairs.

a form of albinism.

full of abnormal keratin.

a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs.

Examining skin under a light microscope is difficult because the preparation

is impossible with a large body part.

removes important proteins from the cells.

compresses the innermost cells.

all of the above.

explodes the outermost cells.

removes important proteins from the cells.

You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely

hair root cells.

fibroblasts.

keratinized epidermal cells.

from the dermis.

subcutaneous layer cells.

keratinized epidermal cells.

Sweat cools the body by

radiation.

convection.

hydration.

conduction.

evaporation.

evaporation.

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release

keratins.

carotenes.

elastin.

beta endorphin.

collagens.

beta endorphin.

Apocrine sweat glands are most abundant on or in the

axilla.

forehead.

neck.

palms of the hands.

buttocks.

axilla.

A man who has a heart valve from a pig has a(n)

allograft.

dermograft.

autograft.

fibrograft.

xenograft.

xenograft.

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by

radiation.

conduction.

evaporation.

hydration.

convection.

convection.

Skin cells play an important role in producing

vitamin C.

vitamin E.

vitamin A.

vitamin D.

vitamin B.

vitamin d

An organ consists of

at least four tissues grouped together that function together.

one variety of each of the four tissue types.

two or more tissues grouped together that function together.

multiple tissue layers.

skin and bones.

two or more tissues grouped together that function together.

The melanocytes in very dark skin

contain clusters of 2 to 4 pigment granules.

lack pigment but shrivel up and turn black.

are more abundant than they are in light skin.

contain many small pigment granules.

contain single, large, pigment granules.

contain single, large, pigment granules.

The human integumentary system includes

just the skin.

skin, nails, hair follicles, and glands.

skin, hooves, and horns.

bones and muscles.

the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer only.

skin, nails, hair follicles, and glands.

Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that the back of a watch had beautiful fingerprints. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, erasing their fingerprints. They are wrong because

the prints arise from the dermis, which is not destroyed.

the prints arise from the subcutaneous layer, which is not destroyed.

the fingerprints will not grow back in the same pattern.

the epidermis will regrow the fingerprints in a day.

the prints arise from the epidermis, which is not destroyed.

the prints arise from the dermis, which is not destroyed.

Body heat is lost primarily by

flatulation.

radiation.

conduction.

evaporation.

convection.

radiation.

The functions of skin include

synthesizing antibodies.

regulating body temperature.

synthesizing digestive enzymes.

transmitting electrochemical messages.

producing adipose tissue.

regulating body temperature.

A nail consists of a

nail follicle and nail papilla.

none of the above.

nail bed and nail plate.

nail rail and nail groove.

nail fork and nail spoon.

nail bed and nail plate.

Eccrine sweat glands

respond primarily to emotional stress.

are found only in horses.

respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

are most common in the armpits and groin.

usually are associated with hair follicles.

respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

Milk and ear wax

are synthetic substances.

are secreted from modified sweat glands.

are in the blood.

are secreted from modified sebaceous glands.

are not secretions.

are secreted from modified sweat glands.

A future treatment for baldness may potentially be

a head transplant.

stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles.

high protein shakes.

scalp transplants.

stem cells from the bulge region of the abdomen.

stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles.

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of

carotene.

melanin.

hemoglobin.

melatonin.

cyanin.

melanin.

Blood vessels in the ___________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients.

hair root

all of the above

subcutaneous layer

epidermis

dermis

dermis

The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of

blood clots.

dead keratinocytes.

scar tissue.

phagocytic cells.

fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.

fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.

The skin dissipates excess body heat by

dilating dermal blood vessels.

radiation

conduction

all of the above

activating eccrine sweat glands.

all of the above

Pigment recipient cells

are a type of melanocyte.

are in the subcutaneous layer.

are filled with carotene.

are a type of keratinocyte.

have multiple nuclei.

are a type of keratinocyte.

Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands

in type of secretion.

in their location.

all of the above.

in the stimulus that triggers their secretion.

in whether or not they are associated with hair follicles.

all of the above

After a severe burn, new skin may grow outwards from the hair follicles. New growth begins here because

the skin's stem cells migrate to the hair follicles.

hair is essential for functioning of the immune system and survival.

a person has many hair follicles.

a hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulge region.

the hair follicles are very resistant to fire and heat.

a hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulge region.

The dermis is composed largely of

dense regular connective tissue.

stratified squamous epithelium.

adipose tissue.

dense irregular connective tissue.

fibrous connective tissue.

dense irregular connective tissue.

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate

fat cells in the subcutaneous layer.

melanocytes in the epidermis.

blood vessels in the epidermis.

muscles and glands in the dermis.

none of the above.

muscles and glands in the dermis.

The epidermis is about ___ mm thick and the dermis is about ___ mm thick.

.001 to .01; .01 to .1

1 to 2; .07 to .12

3 to 4; 5 to 6

.01 to .1; .1 to 1.0

.07 to 12; 1 to 2

.07 to 12; 1 to 2

Corns are

scaly scalp areas.

tumors under the skin that resemble kernels of corn.

growths emanating from the nostrils.

keratinized conical masses on toes.

areas of white skin pigmentation.

keratinized conical masses on toes.

The arrector pili muscle is attached to

a sebaceous gland.

skin on the nose.

the hypodermis.

a hair follicle.

the nail bed.

a hair follicle.

The flexible proteins that link the cell membranes of squamous epithelial cells in skin are

cadherins.

keratins.

elastin.

carotenes.

collagens.

cadherins.

Reddened skin reflects

inheriting extra melanin.

none of the above

dilated blood vessels sending more blood to the dermis.

eating too many carrots.

constricted blood vessels sending more blood to the epidermis.

dilated blood vessels sending more blood to the dermis.

An autograft covers an injured area of skin with

a skin substitute, such as an artificial membrane.

skin from a skin bank.

handwriting.

skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body.

skin from a person other than the patient.

skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body.

Eumelanin and pheomelanin are

reddish-yellow and brownish-black pigments, respectively.

present in excess in a person with albinism.

synthetic dyes.

brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively.

types of keratin.

brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively.

In the inherited disease ichythyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the

subcutaneous layer.

epidermis.

endodermis.

dermis.

basement membrane.

epidermis.

Hypothermia is

a form of hair loss.

a lowered body temperature.

associated with exercising vigorously in the heat.

a form of skin cancer.

accompanied by fever.

a lowered body temperature.

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?

Hairs are retracted into their follicles.

Smooth muscles relax.

Dermal blood vessels dilate.

Sweat glands become active.

Dermal blood vessels constrict.

Dermal blood vessels constrict.

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include

the very young.

the very old.

very thin people.

homeless people exposed to the outdoors.

all of the above

all of the above

The hardness of a nail comes from

keratin.

bone.

calcium.

collagen.

carotene.

keratin.

Epidermis is ________________, whereas dermis is ________________.

composed of largely dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes

none of the above.

the innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes

A person exercising vigorously on a hot, humid day may develop

heat exhaustion.

fatigue and dizziness.

headache, muscle cramps, and nausea.

dizziness.

all of the above

all of the above

As a person ages, the skin typically becomes

a different color.

more opaque.

none of the above

more elastic.

thicker.

a different color.

The nail plate is produced by

specialized epithelial cells.

lunula cells.

specialized dermal cells.

stem cells.

melanocytes.

specialized epithelial cells.

The advantage of cryo-electron tomography is that it

preserves intercellular junctions.

is cheaper than other methods.

can be used with a virtual reality helmet.

enables cells to divide continually.

preserves mitochondria.

preserves intercellular junctions.

Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with

hair, oil glands, and sweat glands.

bone, tendons, and muscles.

none of the above.

muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

the subcutaneous layer.

muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

Inflammation is

a result of exposure to very low temperatures.

none of the above.

a type of infection.

a normal response to stress or injury.

an abnormal response to injury or stress.

a normal response to stress or injury.

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the

epidermis.

nervous system.

dermis.

basement membrane.

subcutaneous layer.

epidermis

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

they divide continually.

their supply of nutrients improves.

they die.

they can become cancerous.

they become dermal cells.

they die

Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters with any touch?

collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down.

the person has sustained a severe burn.

melanocytes cannot produce melanin.

the skin layers are reversed.

the skin has too many melanocytes that produce too much melanin.

collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down.

Skin cancer is most likely to develop from

nonpigmented melanocytes.

pigmented melanocytes.

pigmented epithelial cells.

surface keratinocytes.

nonpigmented epithelial cells.

nonpigmented epithelial cells.

Sebaceous glands secrete

fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum.

none of the above.

sweat in the armpits.

mucus.

glycogen granules that accumulate around hair follicles.

fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum.

The subcutaneous layer of skin consists of

adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue.

epithelial tissue.

areolar and adipose tissue.

blood and nerves.

epithelium and areolar tissue.

areolar and adipose tissue.

The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much

collagen.

carotene.

melanin.

chicken soup.

cyanin.

carotene.

Cutaneous melanomas are associated with

lack of sun exposure.

prolonged exposure to low-intensity sunlight.

occasional exposure to X-rays.

short exposure to high-intensity sunlight.

exposure to background radiation.

short exposure to high-intensity sunlight.

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by

conduction.

hydration.

radiation.

evaporation.

convection.

convection.

Cutaneous carcinomas are usually caused by exposure to

mutagenic chemicals.

gamma radiation.

X-rays.

ultraviolet light.

microwaves.

ultraviolet light.

What determines the color of skin?

The density of hair.

None of the above.

The number of melanocytes in the epidermis.

The thickness of the epidermis layer.

The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce.

The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce.

Inflammation makes skin

peel off.

all of the above.

red, swollen and painful to touch.

secrete abundant antibodies.

cool and clammy.

red, swollen and painful to touch.

Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because

they sweat excessively.

their sebaceous glands become overactive.

the skin becomes too oily.

the number of sweat glands diminishes.

they lose weight.

the number of sweat glands diminishes.

Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin?

The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis.

The skin contains some immune system cells.

The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis.

The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

The dermis contains smooth muscle and nerve tissue.

The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis.

In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin, the ________ may be absent.

stratum corneum

stratum lucidum

stratum granulosum

stratum cranium

stratum basale

stratum lucidum

In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the

degree and source of the burn.

time needed for healing.

depth of the burn.

surface area of the burn.

type of scar that will form.

surface area of the burn.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing

acne.

glaucoma.

diabetes.

skin cancer.

heart disease.

skin cancer

A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n)

autograft

fibrograft.

dermograft

allograft

xenograft

allograft

Shafts of hair are composed of

dead epidermal cells.

living epidermal cells.

dead dermal cells.

living fibroblasts.

living dermal cells.

dead epidermal cells.

Fever is

a special case of hypothermia in which body temperature falls to protect the core from infection.

a special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection.

none of the above.

a result of inflammation.

due to exposure to heat.

a special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection.

Acne is a disorder of the

hair follicles.

sweat glands.

sebaceous glands.

dermis.

apocrine glands.

sebaceous glands.

Skin wrinkles with age because

the number of sweat glands diminishes.

epidermal cells undergo a burst of cell division.

fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks.

people use less make up.

collagen degrades in the subcutaneous layer as the epidermis shrinks.

fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks.

A burn affecting only the epidermis is a

superficial partial-thickness burn.

third degree burn.

deep partial-thickness burn.

fourth degree burn.

second degree burn.

superficial partial-thickness burn.

The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the

bone.

subcutaneous layer.

dermis.

basement membrane.

epidermis.

subcutaneous layer.

A woman undergoes coronary bypass surgery, in which a blood vessel from her leg is moved to her heart, where it supplements the blood supply following a heart attack. This procedure is a(n)

dermograft.

autograft.

xenograft.

allograft.

fibrograft.

autograft.

The epidermis

all of the above.

retains water in deeper skin layers.

protects the skin against mechanical injury.

loses some cells every day.

keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens.

all of the above.

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the

stratum granulosum.

stratum spinosum.

stratum corneum.

stratum basale.

stratum melaneum.

stratum basale.

Which of the following happens first after a scab forms?

nearby wandering cells secrete keratin.

fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.

the scab sloughs off

phagocytic cells remove dead material.

blood vessels send out new branches under the scab.

fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.