ATI TEAS 7 Chemistry

Where do electrons orbit?

Around the nucleus in shells

Do neutrons have an electrical charge?

No

Atoms of same element that has a different number of neutrons

Isotopes

How do you find atomic mass?

Protons + neutrons

Atoms that gained or lost protons and as a result have a charge that is positive or negative

Ions

A chart that shows how other elements are related to one another

Periodic table of elements

What are the columns of the periodic table called?

Groups/families

What are the rows of the periodic table called?

Periods

What are the first two rows of the periodic table?

Alkali and alkaline earth metals (active metals)

What is the middle of the periodic table?

Reactive metals

What are the elements on the far right of the periodic table?

Noble/inactive gases

What do the groups on the periodic table represent?

How many valence electrons are found in the atom

Areas where electrons are likely found

Orbitals

Which orbital is spherical?

S orbitals

Maximum electrons in s orbital

2

Which orbital is dumbbell shaped?

P orbital

Maximum electrons in p orbital

6

Which orbital has an hourglass, flower shape?

D orbital

Maximum of electrons in d orbital

10

Which orbital is irregularly shaped?

F orbital

Maximum of electrons in f orbital

14

How many orbitals do elements in period 2 have?

2 orbitals

True or False: The number of orbitals an element has is the same number of the period it has on the periodic table

True

Where are valence electrons located?

In outermost shell

When are atoms stable?

When they have a full valence shell

Bonds formed when atoms trade electrons to achieve stability

Ionic bonds

Example of ionic bonds

NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, KI

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons to achieve stability

Covalent bonds

Example of covalent bonds

H2, H2O, O2

Do ionic bonds have a high or low electronegativity?

High

Do covalent bonds have a high or low electronegativity?

Low

Different properties of a substance that can change its state without changing the identity of the substance

Physical properties

What are states of matter determined by?

Physical property

Amount of matter in an object

Mass

What's mass measured in?

Grams

The amount of space an object occupies and is measured in liters (L)

Volume

The mass of an object divided by its volume

Density

What can density be. affected by?

Temperature

Has a definite shape and volume; least compressible

Solids

Has a definite volume and takes the shape of the container; more compressible than solids

Liquids

Has no definite shape or volume; most compressible

Gases

Found in stars; gas that's ionized because the electrons have been stripped from it

Plasma

What is the phase of a substance dependent on?

Temperature and pressure

Measure of average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

Temperature

True or False: The higher the temperature, the more energy the molecules have and the more space it takes up

True

Measure of the force exerted on an object by the surrounding atmosphere

Pressure

Gas --> liquid

Condensation

Liquid --> gas

Evaporation

Solid --> gas

Sublimation

Gas --> solid

Deposition

Metal + nonmetal = ?

Ionic bonds

Nonmetal + nonmetal = ?

Covalent bonds

What are chemical reactions represented by?

Chemical equations

Substances involve in a reaction

Reactants

Substances formed because of the reactants

Products

When a substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide or water

Combustion

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 2H2O

Combustion example

Unit used to measure the amount of a substance

Moles

What are conditions that affect chemical reactions?

Catalyst, exothermic reactions, endothermic reactions

Speeds up a reaction

Catalyst

What reaction absorbs heat?

Endothermic

What's an example of endothermic reactions?

Increasing temperature when cooking

What reaction releases heat?

Exothermic reactions

Examples of exothermic reactions

Combustion, rain

When the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse action

Equilibrium

What are the 2 types of equilibrium?

Dynamic and static

The forward and reverse reactions occurring at the same time

Dynamic equilibrium

Example of dynamic equilibrium

Soda, a car moving at constant velocity

When the concentration of reactants and products are not changing

Static equilibrium

Example of static equilibrium

Weight of the body, balancing a seesaw, a book on a table

The minimum amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to occur

Activation energy

Is water polar?

Yes; water has a slight negative and positive charge

The process of similar molecules surrounding and binding to another molecule

Cohesion

The process of dissimilar molecules binding to another molecule

Adhesion

A substance that dissolves in another substance

Solvent

What is the most universal solvent?

Water

A substance that dissolves in a solvent

Solute

Example of a solute

Sugar

Loves water

Hydrophilic

Example of hydrophilic solute

Salt

Fears water

Hydrophobic

Example of hydrophobic solute

Oil

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent

Solubility

The amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent

Solubility limit

The amount of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent

Concentration of a solution

The process of adding a solvent to a solution to decrease the concentration of the solution

Dilution

The unit of measure that describes the concentration of a solute in a solution

Molarity

What is the formula for molarity?

Moles of solute/liters of a solution (mol/L)

The process of water molecules moving from an area of high-water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Osmosis

The process of molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

Are osmosis and diffusion passive or active?

Passive

Molecules that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Acids

Molecules that decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Bases

Where is the acid or base measured?

pH scale

What does the pH scale range from?

0-14

What pH level is most acidic?

0

What pH level is most basic?

14

What pH level is most neutral?

7

Unit of measurement that describes the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

pH

Does a high concentration of hydrogen ions make the pH more acidic or basic?

Acidic