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Agriculture
the cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies that allow for intensive use of the land
Broad spectrum diet
a diet based on a wide range of food resources
Built environment
spaces that are human-made, including cultivated land as well as buildings
Carrying capacity
a measurement of the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land in order to support a human population
Commodity chain
the series of steps a food takes from location where it is produced to the store where it is sold to consumers
Delayed return system
techniques for obtaining food that require an investment of work over a period of time before the food becomes available for consumption. Farming is a delayed return system due to the passage of time between planting and harvest. The opposite is an immediate return system in which the food acquired can be immediately consumed. Foraging is an immediate return system
Domestic economy
the work associated with obtaining food for a family or household
Foodways
the cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating
Foraging
a subsistence system that relies on wild plant and animal food resources. This system is some-times called “hunting and gathering.”
Historical ecology
the study of how human cultures have developed over time as a result of interactions with the environment
Horticulture
a subsistence system based on the small-scale cultivation of crops intended primarily for the direct consumption of the household or immediate community
Modes of subsistence
the techniques used by the members of a society to obtain food. Anthropologists classify subsistence into four broad categories: foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture
Mono-cropping
the reliance on a single plant species as a food source. Mono- cropping leads to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet
Neolithic Revolution
a period of rapid innovation in subsistence technologies that began 10,000 years ago and led to the emergence of agriculture. Neolithic means “new stone age,” a name referring to the stone tools produced during this time period
Pastoralism
a subsistence system in which people raise herds of domesticated livestock
Staple crops
foods that form the backbone of the subsistence system by providing the majority of the calories a society consumes
Subsistence system
the set of skills, practices, and technologies used by members of a society to acquire and distribute food
World system
a complex economic system through which goods circulate around the globe. The world system for food is characterized by a separation of the producers of goods from the consumers
Balanced reciprocity
the exchange of something with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specific time period
Consumption
the process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service
Generalized reciprocity
giving without expecting a specific thing in return
General purpose money
a medium of exchange that can be used in all economic transactions
Homo economicus
a term used to describe a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories
Means of production
the resources used to produce goods in a society such as land for farming or factories
Mode of production
the social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
Negative reciprocity
an attempt to get something for nothing; exchange in which both parties try to take advantage of the other
Political economy
an approach in anthropology that investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to differences in income and wealth
Redistribution
the accumulation of goods or labor by a particular person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date
Structural violence
a form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs
Subsistence farmers
people who raise plants and animals for their own consumption, but not for sale to others
